1. Sarkodie-Gyan T, Yu H. The human locomotor system: physiological and technological foundations. In: The Human Locomotor System: Physiological and Technological Foundations. Springer; 2023. p. 1-76. [
DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-32781-0_1]
2. Asghar A, Naaz S. The transverse arch in the human feet: a narrative review of its evolution, anatomy, biomechanics and clinical implications. Morphologie. 2022;106(355):225-234. [
DOI:10.1016/j.morpho.2021.07.005]
3. Green A. The pediatric foot and ankle. Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2020;67(1):169-183. [
DOI:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.09.007]
4. Kardm SM, Alanazi ZA, Aldugman TAS, Reddy RS, Gautam AP. Prevalence and functional impact of flexible flatfoot in school-aged children: a cross-sectional clinical and postural assessment. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2025;20(1):783. [
DOI:10.1186/s13018-025-06207-y]
5. Flores DV, Mejía Gómez C, Fernández Hernando M, Davis MA, Pathria MN. Adult acquired flatfoot deformity: anatomy, biomechanics, staging, and imaging findings. Radiographics. 2019;39(5):1437-1460. [
DOI:10.1148/rg.2019190046]
6. Chen H, Sun D, Fang Y, Gao S, Zhang Q, Bíró I, et al. Effect of orthopedic insoles on lower limb motion kinematics and kinetics in adults with flat foot: a systematic review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2024;12:1435554. [
DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1435554]
7. Jiang H, Mei Q, Wang Y, He J, Shao E, Fernandez J, et al. Understanding foot conditions, morphologies and functions in children: a current review. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2023;11:1192524. [
DOI:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1192524]
8. Kodithuwakku Arachchige SNK, Chander H, Knight A. Flatfeet: biomechanical implications, assessment and management. The Foot. 2019;38:81-85. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foot.2019.02.004]
9. Toullec E. Adult flatfoot. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research. 2015;101(Suppl 1):S11-S17. [
DOI:10.1016/j.otsr.2014.07.030]
10. Morikawa M, Maeda N, Komiya M, Hirota A, Mizuta R, Kobayashi T, et al. Contribution of plantar fascia and intrinsic foot muscles in a single-leg drop landing and repetitive rebound jumps: an ultrasound-based study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(9):4633. [
DOI:10.3390/ijerph18094511]
11. Vijayakumar K, Kumar S. Prevalence of flexible flatfoot and rigid flatfoot in relation with tightness of Achilles tendon and weakness of tibialis posterior tendon among individuals of 40-60 years of age. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. 2017;11:210. [
DOI:10.5958/0973-5674.2017.00106.X]
12. Bertani A, Cappello A, Benedetti MG, Simoncini L, Catani F. Flat foot functional evaluation using pattern recognition of ground reaction data. Clinical Biomechanics. 1999;14(7):484-493. [
DOI:10.1016/S0268-0033(98)90099-7]
13. Messier SP, Pittala KA. Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1988;20(5):501-505. [
DOI:10.1249/00005768-198810000-00012]
14. Herchenröder M, Wilfling D, Steinhäuser J. Evidence for foot orthoses for adults with flatfoot: a systematic review. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2021;14(1):57. [
DOI:10.1186/s13047-021-00499-z]
15. Hillstrom HJ, Song J, Kraszewski AP, Hafer JF, Mootanah R, Dufour AB, et al. Foot type biomechanics part 1: structure and function of the asymptomatic foot. Gait & Posture. 2013;37(3):445-451. [
DOI:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.09.007]
16. Soltani N, Jalalvand A, Jahani MR. Comparison of plantar force, pressure and impulse during walking in men and women with flat feet. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2021;7(2):94-105. [
DOI:10.32598/biomechanics.7.2.2]
17. Zammit GV, Menz HB, Munteanu SE, Landorf KB. Plantar pressure distribution in older people with osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (hallux limitus/rigidus). Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2008;26(12):1665-1669. [
DOI:10.1002/jor.20700]
18. Van Gheluwe B, Dananberg HJ, Hagman F, Vanstaen K. Effects of hallux limitus on plantar foot pressure and foot kinematics during walking. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2006;96(5):428-436. [
DOI:10.7547/0960428]
19. Keijsers NL, Stolwijk NM, Louwerens JW, Duysens J. Classification of forefoot pain based on plantar pressure measurements. Clinical Biomechanics. 2013;28(3):350-356. [
DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.01.012]
20. Dodelin D, Tourny C, L'Hermette M. The biomechanical effects of pronated foot function on gait: an experimental study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2020;30(11):2167-2177. [
DOI:10.1111/sms.13785]
21. Kawakami W, Iwamoto Y, Takeuchi Y, Takeuchi R, Sekiya J, Ishii Y, et al. Relationship between foot kinematics and center of pressure trajectory during gait in individuals with flatfoot. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2025;115(4). [
DOI:10.7547/23-050]
22. Wong L, Hunt A, Burns J, Crosbie J. Effect of foot morphology on center-of-pressure excursion during barefoot walking. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2008;98(2):112-117. [
DOI:10.7547/0980112]
23. Shim SR, Kim JY, Shin J, Lee YJ, Park JB, Hong MJ. Optimizing flatfoot management with foot orthoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2025. [
DOI:10.1097/PHM.0000000000002833]
24. Jiang Y, Yang J, Tian H, Jiang C, Wang H. Comparative study of the effects of custom-made insole and ordinary insole in adults with flexible flatfoot on different slopes. Technology and Health Care. 2024;32(6):4063-4075. [
DOI:10.3233/THC-231785]
25. Nouri A, Wang L, Li Y, Wen C. Materials and manufacturing for ankle-foot orthoses: a review. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2023;25(20):2300238. [
DOI:10.1002/adem.202300238]
26. Mohammad Reza B, Hooman M, Foad S. The effect of foot orthosis on electromyographic activity of ankle muscles in athletes with flat foot during single leg jump landing. Journal of Sport Sciences and Health Research. 2017;9(19):139-152.
27. Daryabor A, Kobayashi T, Saeedi H, Lyons SM, Maeda N, Naimi SS. Effect of 3D printed insoles for people with flatfeet: a systematic review. Assistive Technology. 2023;35(2):169-179. [
DOI:10.1080/10400435.2022.2105438]
28. Saeedi H, Aboutorabi A, Arazpour M. An evaluation of a bespoke modified UCBL foot orthosis on subjects with flat foot using kinetic measurements and user comfort scores: a randomized controlled trial. Foot. 2024;60:102127. [
DOI:10.1016/j.foot.2024.102127]
29. Aminian DG, Farhoodi M, Safaeepour Z, Pezeshk AF. The assessment of the effect of longitudinal arch support insole on plantar pressure distribution in subjects with flexible flatfoot. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2012;4(16):43-48.
30. Sadeghi H, Aghaie Ataabadi P, Hovanlo F. Immediate effect of pre-made foot orthotics on variability and joint coupling patterns of rear foot and tibia during gait in male athletes with pes planus. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2015;1(2):41-51.
31. Mosca VS. Flexible flatfoot and skewfoot. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1995;77(12):1937-1945. [
DOI:10.2106/00004623-199512000-00021]
32. Ghorbani M, Yaali R, Sadeghi H, Luczak T. The effect of foot posture on static balance, ankle and knee proprioception in 18-to-25-year-old female students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023;24(1):547. [
DOI:10.1186/s12891-023-06678-2]
33. Fattahi A, Koreili Z, Ameli M. Instantaneous effect of insole on the balance of adolescents with flat foot and pes cavus. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2020;6(1):44-54. [
DOI:10.32598/biomechanics.6.1.6]
34. Roshandel Hesari A, Langeroudi MS, Nazari R. The impact of an exhaustive exercise on static balance of freestyle wrestlers with flat foot. Journal of Sport Biomechanics. 2022;7(4):250-261. [
DOI:10.32598/biomechanics.7.4.252.4]
35. Kulcu DG, Yavuzer G, Sarmer S, Ergin S. Immediate effects of silicone insoles on gait pattern in patients with flexible flatfoot. Foot & Ankle International. 2007;28(10):1053-1056. [
DOI:10.3113/FAI.2007.1053]
36. Chen H, Sun D, Zhang Q, Yuan Y, Song Y, Li F, et al. Biomechanical effects of varying arch support hardness in foot orthosis for adults with flexible flatfoot: a comprehensive Bayesian statistical analysis. Gait & Posture. 2026;125:110085. [
DOI:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.110085]
37. Soltani N, Majlesi M, Fatahi A. Long-term use of anti-pronation insoles enhances inter-joint coordination in individuals with flat feet. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research. 2026;19(1):e70124. [
DOI:10.1002/jfa2.70124]