1.    Introduction
Obesity and overweight are considered to be one of the basic problems of today's world. It is well known that obesity and overweight are closely related to the emergence of other diseases (1). From a biomechanical point of view, based on the latest studies conducted in the field of running mechanics in obese or overweight children, it has been shown that the appearance of obesity can be directly related to an increase in the rate of injury, osteoarthritis of the lower limb joints, an increase in the peak of ground reaction forces, an increase in pressure on the anterior cruciate ligaments, subsequently causing patellofemoral pain and ultimately leading to disability (7, 8). Therefore, Davita et al. reported that there is a direct relationship between the increase in body mass index and the torque created in the knee joint among obese people. In fact, the changed kinematic running pattern in obese people is associated with an increase in torque around the knee joint (15). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the running mechanics in obese or overweight individuals.
2.    Methods
The present study was a library and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and English was performed from the beginning of 2003 until January 2023. This search was conducted in various databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Additionally, the type of selected studies included original research, review articles, and clinical trials. Seventeen related articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to running mechanics in overweight or obese individuals were analyzed.
3.    Results
The review of three articles showed that there is a direct relationship between an increase in body mass index (BMI) and an increase in plantar pressure. Additionally, the results of two articles were related to the increase in loading rate in obese individuals while running. The findings of two articles indicated the collapse of the arches of the feet and ultimately the reduction of shocks caused by running. Examining the results of one of the articles showed that in overweight or obese individuals, doing exercises such as running can be a reason for micro fractures of the tibia. The findings of one of the articles also showed that people with a high body mass index have a lower range of motion than people with a normal weight while running. Finally, the findings of three articles in the field of muscle electrical activity showed that in overweight individuals, activities such as running can be effective in reducing the strength of plantar flexor muscles. Table 3 shows the evaluation of the quality of the articles, which was investigated using Dunn and Black's questionnaire (31). The scores assigned to the questions are 1 or 0, assigning the number 1 means approval, and zero means rejection or disapproval. Only for question 27 of this questionnaire, a number between 0-5 is assigned. Assigning the number 5 or a number close to it indicates the high quality of the article, and assigning the number zero or a number close to it indicates the low quality of the article in terms of citations.
4.    Conclusion
Obesity or overweight is a common disease that can affect running mechanics in affected individuals. From a biomechanical point of view, an increase in pressure on the soles of the feet can lead to an increase in pressure on the joints of the lower limbs, which may cause knee pain and back pain. One of the most important factors contributing to the occurrence of injury is the amount of force applied to the lower limb joints (29). One limitation of current research is the lack of examination of running mechanics in obese individuals over long-term periods. It is suggested that future studies investigate kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic variables during activities such as walking, running, and stair climbing in obese individuals.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research.
Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.