Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 3 3 2017 12 1 Thermo-plastic Materials in the Manufacture of Orthoses: A Review of Literature 5 13 FA Mohammad Taghi Karimi 1- Research Center of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Mahsa Kavyani Broujeni Objective: Using support devices generally known as orthoses is common in curing skeletal-muscular deformities and in so doing, application of thermoplastic materials is of great important. The present work considers the various types of such materials and describes their characteristics. Methods: in conducting the study, major scientific data bases including ISI web of knowledge, Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched for keywords such as thermoplastic materials, orthosis, and face braces. Moreover, thermoplastic materials were classified based on their melting point and their formability.   Results: on the whole, thermoplastic materials can be classified into three main classes involving no-heat moldable, low-head moldable and high-head moldable materials. Conclusion:  As different types of thermoplastic materials are used in making orthoses, identifying their applications is of utmost importance. The study suggests that the choice of such materials needs to be done based on their mechanical features, their durability and their mold ability.   

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 3 3 2017 12 1 The Effect of Six Weeks of Hamstring Eccentric Exercises on the Postural Control and Knee Joint Proprioception in Adolescent Football Players 15 25 FA Azita Mohamadi Amir Letafatkar Seyed Hosein Hosseini Department of physical education, Faculty of sport sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Safoura Heshmati Objective: Football players are more likely to suffer from lower limb injuries than other athletes do; at the same time, they need a high level of coordination, postural control, strength and range of motion to achieve optimal performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of hamstring eccentric exercises on the postural control and knee joint proprioception in adolescent football players. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 male football players who scored below 14 in functional screening tests were selected and divided into two equal groups. Before and after exercises, the knee proprioception and hip flexion range of motion were measured through goniometry and dynamics postural control ability was measured through the Y-test. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Results: Based on the results, there were no significant differences in the knee proprioception, dynamic postural control and hip flexion range of motion between the experimental and control groups in the pre-test (p> 0.05). In the post-test, although there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the knee active proprioception (p >0.05), the knee passive proprioception (p = 0.014), dynamic postural control (P = 0.001) and hip flexion range of motion (p = 0.003), had significantly improved in experimental group. Conclusion: Based on the results, hamstring eccentric exercises can improve the knee proprioception, postural control and hip flexion range of motion in the football players. Therefore, in order to improve the athletic performance and prevent the occurrence of injuries, such exercises can be included in the training programs of these athletes.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 3 3 2017 12 1 Effect of Medial and Lateral Heel Wedge Changes on the Mechanical Parameters of Diabetic Foot Ulcers during Gait 27 36 FA Ebrahim Abdi Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Sari, Iran. Mansour Eslami Mohand Taghipour Objective: there are still disputes over the effect of using slope strategy on the reduction of peak pressure and time of pressure on the foot. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of internal and external wedge slope changes on the mechanical parameters of foot ulcers. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 15 diabetic patients with an average age of 63.3±2.01 was selected. 3, 6, 9 and 11 degree wedges were placed in lateral and medial positions in the heel of the patients. Patients wearing the wedge walked over a barometer. For each condition, the data for 3 separate effects were recorded and the mean score for the tries were used for the repeated measure of variance. Results: Compared with the control condition (bare feet), each lateral heel wedge significantly reduced peak pressure on 3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsal head (p=0.01), but, significantly increased peak pressure on the first and second metatarsal head (p=0.01). Each medial heel wedge significantly reduced peak pressure on the first and second metatarsal head (p=0.01), but, significantly increased peak pressure on 3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsal head (p=0.01). The peak of time pressure showed a significant increase at the 3rd, 4th and 5th Metatarsal head area in the 3º lateral heel wedges, and in the 9 and 11 degree medial heel wedges. Moreover, the peak pressure time on the first and second metatarsal heads significantly increased with the 9 and 11 degree lateral and 11 degrees medial heel wedges (p=0.01). Conclusion: The findings indicate that heel wedges can affect the metatarsal head regions differently between the peak pressure and peak pressure time. A median slope of 6 degrees can also be suitable for reducing the peak pressure in the third, forth, and fifth metatarsal heads, while a 6 degree can also be suitable for reducing the peak pressure in the metatarsal head.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 3 3 2017 12 1 Comparing of Athletic Performance and Biometric Features of Selected Teenagers Based on the Specific Talent Identification Pattern of Karate with Elite Athletes 37 47 FA seyed Ehsan Naghibi Department of Sport Biomechanics, Shandiz Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran. Mehrdad Anbarian Mohammad Reza Mahmoodkhani Objective: The aim of this study was to comparing the athletic performance and biometric features in elite karate players teenagers with a specific talent identification pattern of  karate in a professional gyms in Iran. Methods: Subjects available for sampling were divided into two groups teenagers karate athletes elite (n=19) and members developmental center and the Club Championship (n=19) for assessing the biometric data of the sport performance tests respectively. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for tests of normality. Independent t-test was employed for comparing the data collected of two groups (p=0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v18. The results demonstrated no significant differences for biometric parameters in both groups (p>0.05). Results: The results of this study showed that the mean of biometric parameters no significant difference in both groups(p>0.05). Also none of them the mean of sport performance tests no significant difference in both groups except for the second ten meters running speed (p=0.05). Conclusion: According to that no significant difference in both groups between athletic performance and biometric parameters except one variable, we can conclude that the process of talent identification in the club studied, in order to distinguish and talented people from other potentially effective. Also according to the native data used in the analysis of the tests in this process can be patterns of biometric indices based on talent and sport performance in karate developed.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 3 3 2017 12 1 The Effect of Eight -Weeks General Preparation Exercise on Some Selected Biomechanical, Anthropometrical and Physiological Parameters of the Iranian Women’s National Taekwondo Team 49 56 FA Hamidreza Naserpour Departement of Sport Biomechanics, Fuculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University,Tehran, Iran. Raghad Mimar Sara Khoshjamal Fekri Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight-weeks of general preparation exercise on some selected biomechanical, anthropometrical and physiological parameters of the Iranian women’s national Taekwondo team. Methods: Nine elite members of Iranian women’s national Taekwondo team (age 23/22±1/98 years old, and weight 61/88±8/44 kg) participated in this study.  Biomechanical, anthropometrical and physiological parameters measures included; speed, agility, visual reaction time, anaerobic power, body composition, body weight, cardiovascular endurance, and muscular endurance. These variables were measured before and after 8 weeks (72 sessions) of general exercise training. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of distribution, and also paired sample t-test was run to compare variables before and after training at a significant level of (p≤0/05). Results: The results showed that a significant decrease in the body fat percentage of subjects (P=0.000). The results of data analysis for body weight, agility, visual reaction time and anaerobic power (ergo jump test) showed a slight decreased after the training protocol. While anaerobic power (vertical jump) (P=0.01), cardiovascular endurance (P=0.000) and muscle endurance (P=0.001) reflected a significant increase. Conclusion: based on the results of this study, it seems that the applied training program can have meaningful effects on body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance and physical performance of elite taekwondo athletes that may increase the qualitative athletic performance.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 3 3 2017 12 1 A Review on the Impact Skills Analysis Using two Physical Principles; Impulse- Momentum and Work- Energy in Martial Arts 57 67 FA Neda Boroushak Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran. Mansour Eslami Hasan Khoshnoodi Objective: In order to increase the level of performance of impact skills in martial arts, based on two main physical principles of work,-energy and impulse-momentum in analyzing these skills was done. Methods: The search of articles was carried out in specialized databases and then 31 related articles selected based on entry and exit criteria were analyzed. Results: In this study, it was specified that the energy and power used for each impact, can determine the purpose of its implementation and also examine the difference and importance of the above parameters in various sports. Also it was revealed that the most important variables in impact skills are force, linear velocity, and effective mass of the striking member that in different sport, their importance varies and the best method for measuring of impact force based on impulse-momentum is force plate.    Conclusion: The results indicate that the method of impulse--momentum is simpler and more practical but work-energy method provides more accurate and useful information in the analysis of skills for coach and athletes. Finally، further studies on the effective mass of impact, principle of impulse-momentum by considering and calculating the angular momentum and also more researches by using the work-energy are suggested.