Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 1 2018 6 1 Surveying the Role of Therapeutic Exercise in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Review study 5 15 FA Edris Bavardi Moghadam Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Narmin Ghanizadeh Hesar Seyed Sadradin Shojaedin Objective: The high elderly population who suffer from physical and health problems, including osteoarthritis, has a profound impact on the country's social and economic situation. Considering that therapeutic exercise is one of the essential components of OA care in the elderly, the aim of this study was to evaluate Exercise therapy in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis. Methods: Keywords such as (Knee osteoarthritis, Hip osteoarthritis, Exercise therapy in osteoarthritis) were searched in some including databases Cinahl Eevier, PubMed, Science direct, and Google scholar. Articles selection was done based on the York University manual protocol. Results: In the initial search, 246 articles were found and in the initial review 49 duplicate articles were removed. In the second screening of the topics, the abstracts of the articles and the key words were examined and 171 articles unrelated to the content area were also excluded. Finally, based on the standard criteria and based titles on of the articles, only remained 19 articles based on which the study was conducted. The results of the studies indicated that in sports therapies, exercises aimed at improving muscle strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility, and daily weight bearing activities are commonly used useful exercises for people with osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Reviewing the findings of the previous studies, this study was able to make from a proper conclusion in relation to exercise therapy for people with osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and to partly address the training needs of this vulnerable group. The results of the study indicated that exercise therapy reduces the pain and disability of people with knee osteoarthritis, especially pelvic pain, and has a significant effect on the performance of these individuals. Also, exercises aimed at improving muscle strength, aerobic capacity, flexibility, and daily weight bearing activities are commonly used and useful exercises for people with osteoarthritis.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 1 2018 6 1 Comparing the Effects of Dry-Land and In-Water Core Stability Training Programs on Swimmers’ Upper Body Balance and Performance 17 29 FA Javad Harati Department of Sports Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. Hassan Daneshmandi Mohammad Reza Shahabi Kaseb Objective: Swimming is a sport that requires a considerable strength, endurance, mobility and stability of the upper body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of dry-land and in-water core stability training programs on swimmers’ upper body balance and performance. Methods: The available statistical sample of this study included 28 swimmers from city of Sabzevar who were divided randomly into three groups of dry-land (10 swimmers), in-water (10swimmers) and control (8 swimmers). Data analysis was done by split-plot ANOVA to compare intra- and inter-group variables and Bonferroni post-hoc test was also utilized to compare group means within two groups. Results: The results showed that four-week core stability exercises on dry-land led to 50m swimming time improvements as well as upper body balance of dominant and non-dominant limbs. There was no significant improvement in 50m for dry-land group and no significant improvement in stroke rate for both experimental groups.  Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that coaches and swimmers utilize exercises used in this study in order to improve upper body balance as well as swimming performance in their training program.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 1 2018 6 1 The Effect of Fatigue on the Static and Dynamic Balance in Karate Kata and Kumite Elite Men 31 42 FA Masoud Mirmoezzi Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University Branch of Central Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Heydar Sadeghi Mahdi Jafari Lotfali Lotfi Objective: With regard to the effects of postural fatigue on the amount of participation in sport activities and as this may result in impaired motor functioning, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fatigue on static and dynamic balance in karate kata and kumite elite men. Methods: The statistical population consist of all karate kata and kumite National Karate team members in 2015-16, which involved 20 men. The sample of the study included 16 athletes with average age of 20.4 ± 23.75 years, all of whom were healthy. Static and dynamic balance was measured before and after the exercise protocol, including a severe karate training session. Static postural stability indices including mean center of pressure displacement (COP) and velocity of COP displacements (COP VEL) Direction of medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP), were measured in standing position on one leg. In order to evaluate the dynamic postural stability index (DPSI), the jump-landing task was used on the 1000-Hz Kistler force plate. Inferential statistics which were used to compare pre and post-test data in order to compare the effect of fatigue in kata and kumite groups at a significant level of 0.05, including paired samples t-test and covariance analysis. Results: The findings indicated that fatigue caused by intense training would significantly affect the static and dynamic balance in karate kata and kumite elite men (P<0.05). The kumite team had a better dynamic balance than the kata team (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be recommended that coaches and athletes consider the negative effects of fatigue in intensive training sessions on static and dynamic balance. Since practically there is not much differences between different exercise in kata and kumite. It is recommended that the exercise program be used to delay fatigue in order to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal damage.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 1 2018 6 1 The Relationship between Core Stability Muscles Isometric Strength and Endurance with the Postural Control and Walking Endurance in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis 43 52 FA Behnam Moradi Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injury, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Sadreddin Shojaedin Objective: multiple sclerosis is one of the most common diseases which affect adults’ central neural system. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between core stability muscles isometric strength and endurance with the postural control and walking endurance in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: To this end, 35 male patients (incapability scale 1to 4, aged between 25 to 35, with the ability to walk independently) from Tehran MS association participated in this study voluntarily. In order to evaluate the core muscles isometric strength and endurance, and the postural control  of the patients with multiple sclerosis, two sets of tests (using barometer and keeping the time) and berg balance tests and 6-minute walk were utilized. In order to examine the relationship between and among the tests, Pearson correlation coefficient (with the significance level of 0.95 and p value≤0.05) was used. Results: The relationship between core muscles isometric strength and endurance among the MS patients (Leg Abductors Strength r= 0.629, leg External Rotators Strength r= 0.492, Trunk Flexor Endurance r = 0.546, Trunk Extensors Endurance r = 0.552, Trunk lateral Flexor Endurance r = 0.564) and their balance was significant (direct and positive relationship). On the other hand, no significant relationship was found between core muscles isometric tests with 6-minute with walk functional among the patients multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: Despite the significant relationship between core muscles isometric strength and endurance in patients MS on one of the functional capability variables (balance), it should be stated that taking advantage of other methods (dynamic methods and methods like Electromyography) is required in order to achieve more verified and certain results.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 1 2018 6 1 The Relationship between Neuromuscular Mechanisms and Static and Dynamic Balance of Soccer Players 53 61 FA Morteza Sajediniya Department of Sport Injuries & Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Aliasghar Norasteh Zahra Salahzadeh Objective: The effective variables in maintaining balance come from sensory information that is obtained from sensory-visual, vestibular and visual systems, and is affected by coordination, range of motion and muscle strength. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between neuromuscular mechanisms and the static and dynamic balance of soccer players. Methods: In an analytical observational study, among the football players of the Shahdari Tabriz Club, 45 people were selected to examine the relationship between strength, joint strength, proprioception and range of motion. The static equilibrium value was measured by means of the equilibrium error assessment (BESS), dynamic equilibrium by Y test, knee range of motion and proprioception using an electrogunometer and chest and hamstring muscle strength and joint force sensation using an isokinetic dynamometer it placed. Finally, using SPSS software version 19 and running the Pearson correlation coefficient, the relationship between variables was evaluated at the significance level of 0.05 Results: The results showed that there wouled be a significant relationship between extensor muscle strength and knee flexion, joint force sensation, proprioception and knee range with static and dynamic balance (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study imply that improvement of knee joint strength in soccer athletes may improve their static and dynamic balance.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 1 2018 6 1 The Effect of 12 Weeks of Wrestling+ Specific Warm-Up Program on Dynamic Balance in Cadet Wrestlers 63 73 FA Rasoul Bayati Ali Shamsi Majelan Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Bahman Mirzaei Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a 12 week Wrestling+ specific warm-up program on dynamic balance in cadet wrestlers. Methods: The study population included all cadet wrestlers in the city of Rasht from among whom 24 freestyle wrestlers were selected by the convenience sampling and divided into intervention and control groups. The Intervention group performed a Wrestling+ warm-up program for 12 weeks, three times a week and the control group performed routine warm-up during the same period. Y balance test was used for the assessment of dynamic balance in pre and post phases of the program. Independent samples t test, Dependent samples t test, and p-test were used for data analyses with preset alpha value of p<0.05. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant increase in reach distance of Y balance test and a significant decrease in the number of wrestlers at high risk in intervention group after implementation of 12 weeks wrestling+ warm-up program (p<0/05). However, there was no significant difference in any of the variables in the control group (p≥0/05). Conclusion: It seems that the wrestling+ warm-up program can improve the dynamic balance. Therefore, it is recommended that wrestlers and coaches use this new warm-up program before the specific training.