Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 3 2018 12 1 The Effect of Aquatic and Land-based Exercises on Pain Reduction, Muscle Strength and Kinetic/Kinematic Variables in People with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Review Study 2 13 FA Behnaz Maleki Department of Pathology and Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport sciences, bu-ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. Zahra Raisi Department of Sport Pathology and Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran. Objective: Chronic Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the problems that afflicts most people in society. It can directly affect gait parameters. Changes in gait parameters increase the amount of pain in these individuals. The aim of this study was to review the effect of therapeutic interventions (aquatic and land-based exercises) on gait parameters in individuals with chronic LBP. Methods: By searching for published papers related to kinetics, kinematics and therapeutic exercises in patients with chronic LBP in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar databases, 34 articles were selected for review. Results: Physical exercises are effective in reducing pain and improving gait parameters in this patients with chronic LBP, but there was a significant difference between physical exercises performed on land and water. Conclusion: Exercises due to its unique characteristics, such as buoyancy, immersion and resistance, are a safe and proper environment for the patients with chronic LBP to perform therapeutic exercises and improve the gait parameters.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 3 2018 12 1 Relationship Between Balance and Attentional Function in Deaf and Healthy People 14 27 FA Aida Asariha MSc. Student of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran. Elaheh Azadian Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran. Objective: Deafness, not only negatively affect communication, but also is associated with other physical disorders such as impaired balance and cognitive function. The evaluation of balance and cognitive function in deaf people has been considered in a few studies, but less studies have investigated the relationship between these two factors. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive function and balance performance in deaf and normal-hearing subjects. Methods: Participants were 39 deaf students and 40 normal hearing students (controls) recruited from exceptional schools in Hamedan, Iran. Their cognitive function was measured by Flanker task, continuous performance test and Stroop Task. Their balance was measured by the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS software using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests considering the significance level of P<0.05. Results: Deaf subjects had significantly poorer balance and cognitive function than controls. The highest correlation was observed between their performance under Flanker task and heel-to-toe walking (P<0.05).  Conclusion: Deaf people are more dependent on visual information to perform balance exercises. Increased attentional capacity may also improve motor function in these individuals.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 3 2018 12 1 Effect of Local Fatigue in Quadriceps and Hamstring Muscles on Knee Joint Proprioception in Healthy Women 28 37 FA Mahya Kamrani Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, Science and Research Branch of the Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Khaleghi Tazeji Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Objective Proprioception is part of the body's somatosensory system that is responsible for collecting information for the central nervous system to inform about the status of different parts of the body relative to each other. One of the cause of impared proprioception is fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the effect of quadriceps and hamstrings muscles fatigue on knee joint proprioception of healthy women. Methods Participants were 20 healthy young women aged 25-35 years who had normal knee joint range of motion and muscle strength with no any musculoskeletal disorders. Local fatigue of quadriceps and hamstring muscles was measured by a Isokinetic dynamometer. the proprioception status in knee joint was measured in both active and inactive positions using target angle reconstruction test (30, 45 and 60 degrees flexion).  Results There was no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores in local fatigue of quadriceps and hamstring muscles at 45 degrees angle in passive condition (P>0.05), while the difference was significant at 30 and 60 degree angles in passive condition (P<0.05). Conclusion The quadriceps and hamstring muscles fatigue can reduce the knee joint proprioception, where the effect of hamstring muscle fatigue on the knee joint proprioception was higher compared to the quadriceps muscle fatigue.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 3 2018 12 1 Evaluation of Appropriate Metatarsal Pad Length on Mechanical Parameters of Diabetic Foot Ulcer During Walking 38 51 FA Ebrahim Abdi Department of Sport Biomechanics, education Center and Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kavoshgaran Danesh and Pouyesh Vieira, Tehran, Iran. Mansour Islami Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran. Mohammad Taghipour Department of Physiotherapy, Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran. Ali Bakhtiari Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Objective: Studies have reported that the best strategy for reducing the peak pressure on metatarsals is to increase the surface area with the metatarsal pad. but the optimal length of metatarsal pads is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the appropriate length of metatarsal pad and its effect on the reduction of diabetic foot ulcer mechanical parameters while walking.  Methods: Participants were 15 male patients with diabetes mellitus (Mean±SD=63.3±2.01 years). Handmade metatarsal pads with a length equal to 18, 20, 23 and 25% of foot length were used. Patients wearing these pads passed the RS-scan foot scan in 5 separate conditions and their data were recorded. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for analyzing data. Results: Peak pressure significantly decreased in metatarsal regions 1, 3 and 4 (P=0.001), but no significant difference was observed in regions 2 and 5 (P<0.05). A significant difference was observed in pressure-time integral between the five conditions in all metatarsal pads (P=0.001), but its change between the type of pad and metatarsal region was different. In the metatarsal regions 1 and 2 with pads of 18 and 20% of foot length, the peak time pressure was significantly reduced, while in the pads of 23 and 25% of foot length, it significantly increased. In the metatarsal regions 3, 4 and 5 with a pad of 18% of foot length, the peak time pressure increased, while with the pads of 20, 23, and 25 of foot length, a reduction was observed.  Conclusion: As the pad length increases, the pressure peak in the metatarsal areas decreases, but the effect of pad length on the time pressure depends on the metatarsal region and the pad length. The length of the pad relative to the size of the foot is a step forward for the insole design. Insole designers are recommended to use a metatarsal pad with 23% of foot length for diabetic patients.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 3 2018 12 1 The Effect of Locally Produced Unstable Shoes on Foot Plantar Pressure During Walking Among Healthy Male Students 52 61 FA Siavash Etemadi Nejad Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Saed Ahmadi Ganjeh Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Jamshid Yazdani CHarati Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Esmail Hoseini Nejad Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran. Objective Today, various shoes have been developed to reduce injury and improve performance during walking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of locally produced unstable shoes on foot plantar pressure during walking in healthy male students.  Methods Participants were 20 healthy male students (Mean±SD of height=178.96±3.92 cm, Mean±SD of age=27±3 years, Mean±SD of mass=73.99±6.6 kg and EU shoe size=42). They were evaluated under four wearing conditions: Locally produced unstable shoes, unstable shoes produced abroad, regular control shoes, and barefoot. The maximum foot plantar pressure was measured in ten plantar areas by a footscan system while walking. The generalized linear model and repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and/or Friedman test at a significance level of 0.05 (P<0.05) were used for analyzing data using SPSS V. 23 software. Results Maximum foot plantar pressure during walking under four different conditions was significantly different only in three plantar regions of hallux, lesser digits, and metatarsal 5 (P<0.05). Conclusion Suggest the inefficiency of unstable shoes manufactured in Iran in adjusting the plantar pressure in individuals.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 3 2018 12 1 Comparison of Changes in Center of Pressure and Time to Stabilization in Students with and without Hyperlordosis 62 73 FA Farideh Babakhani Department of Sports Pathology & Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Mohamadreza Hatefi Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Mona Heydarian Department of Sports Pathology & Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Masod Barzegar Department of Sports Pathology & Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran. Objective Considering the importance of balance in performing daily tasks and sports activities, it is necessary to examine the balance of the body from different angles. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in Center of Pressure (COP) and Time to Stabilization (TTS) in students with and without hyperlordosis.  Methods In this study, 30 female students of Tehran's middle school with a range of 14-15 years old who were selected by available sampling method were participated. Subjects' spinal curvature was evaluated by a flexible ruler. Which divided into two groups: 15 patients with hypereloidosis and 15 healthy subjects. To assess postural static stability in a static state, from open and closed eyes on the force plate (Ver 3.0.2 model from an Iranian scientist) was used. also to assess postural stability in the dynamic state, the landing stability test on the force plate device was used. Independent Sample T test statistics were used to analyze the data.  Results The results of the statistical test showed that there was no significant difference in the parameters of the center of pressure (COP) in two- position with open and closed eyes between the two groups of healthy and hyperlordosis (p>0.05). But the time to stabilization (TTS) between the two healthy groups and hyperlordosis was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion The results of this study showed that the Spine Curvature Disorders (hyperlordosis) as a risk factor can distort the dynamic balance index (time to stabilization), But has no affect the static balance with both open eyes and closed eyes (center of pressure).