Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 4 2019 3 1 The Prevalence and Etiology of Ankle Injury in Professional Karate Players in Iran 2 15 FA Hamidreza Naserpour Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Mona Mirjani Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exersice, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of ankle injury and its prevalence among the Iranian professional karate players. Methods: Participants were 390 karate kumite players (Mean±SD of age=24.5±2.8 years; Mean±SD of weight=63.5±1.8 kg) attendant in the competitions for the national team selection. Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) questionnaire was used for assessing their information of ankle injury such as history, etiology, received treatments, and its effects on their daily living performance and sports activities. Descriptive statistics (Mean±SD) were used to describe the data, and Pearson correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between daily living and sports scores obtained from FAAM and those self-reported scores at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: Results was reported that 86% of subjects had a history of ankle injury, and most of them occurred during the competition. The most important reason for ankle injury was sudden rotation of the foot and kicking the opponent. In most cases, subjects had self-treatment and did not visit a physician. Correlation coefficients of daily living and sports scores obtained from FAAM with athletes' self-reported scores were 0.588 and 0.742 (P=0.000), respectively. Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of ankle injury among karate players, it is recommended that specific proprioceptive and strengthening programs be put on the agenda for coaches and athletes to reduce the risk factors of injury. Due to the athletes’ lack of follow-up for treatment and rehabilitation in most injuries, there is a possibility of re-injury to the ankle; therefore, the recovery process should be performed after injury under the supervision of a physician and returning to training should be done after proper interval. 

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 4 2019 3 1 Comparison of Static and Dynamic Balance of Athletes of Different Sports in Conditions With and Without Posture Disturbances 16 27 FA Mostafa Shadkanlu Ostad Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Ali Asghar Norasteh Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Hamed Babagoltabar Samakoush Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective: Balance is a key component of motor skills to maintain posture and perform complex sports skills. The aim of this study was to compare the static and dynamic balance of athletes in different sports using different conditions of with/without postural perturbation. Methods: Participants were 42 athletes with 3 years of sports experience assigned into three groups of wrestlers (n=14), football players (n=14) and karate players (n=14). Static balance was assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System and dynamic balance measurement was done using the Star Excursion Balance Test. For measurement of postural perturbations or cognitive task, the countdown technique was used. Data were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and paired t-test at a significance level of P≤0.05.  Results: There was no significant difference between the static and dynamic balance of athletes with postural perturbation in three groups. No significant difference was found between static balance with and without postural perturbation in three groups, but the difference was significant different between dynamic balance with and without postural perturbation, where their dynamic balance without postural perturbation was better.  Conclusion: Coaches and physiotherapists are recommended to use dual-task techniques in assessments.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 4 2019 3 1 The Effect of Balance and Combined Exercises on Pain and Functional Characteristics of Female Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability 28 41 FA Fatemeh Haataamee Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran South Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Sadrodin Shojaodin Sport Biomechanics & Sport Injuries Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of balance exercises and combined exercises (neuromuscular and stabilization exercises) on pain, function, and range of motion of female athletes with chronic ankle instability. Methods: Participants were 30 female athletes with chronic ankle instability selected using a convenience sampling technique and randomly assigned into three groups balance exercises (n=10), combined exercises (n=10) and control (n=10). The amount of pain was measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Functional characteristics were tested by side hop test, 8 hop test, single-leg triple hop test, and single-leg hop test. A goniometer was used to measure ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion range of motion. Both exercise groups performed their exercises for 6 weeks (3 sessions per week each for 60 minutes). After the intervention, they went under post-test assessment and their results were then compared. The Levene's test was used to test the homogeneity of variances in the pre-test phase, while Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the between-group changes, Tukey's post hoc test for determining the location of the difference between groups, and t-test for assessing the differences within groups. Results: Balance and combined exercises had a significant effect on the subjects 'pain (P=0.03 and 0.01), functional characteristics (P≤0.01) and ankle dorsiflexion (P=0.01) and plantar flexion (P=0.01 and 0.02) range of motion. Comparing two exercise programs, it was found that the effect of combined exercises on pain, function and dorsiflexion range of motion of subjects was higher. Conclusion: It is recommended that for correct and timely rehabilitation of the athletes with ankle injury, balance exercises along with combined exercises should be used to reduce their pain, and improve function and range of motion. 

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 4 2019 3 1 Relationship of Somatotype With Static, Semi-dynamic and Dynamic Balance of Adolescent, Young and Middle-aged Women 42 53 FA Mahbubeh Keivan Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. Heydar Sadeghi Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Objective Somatotype is a way of describing the human body shape and composition which can affect postural control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of somatotype with static, semi-dynamic and dynamic balances in adolescent, young and middle-aged women.  Methods Participants were 140 women aged 12-50 years (Mean±SD of age=26.45±10.94) with no skeletal abnormalities, lower extremity pain and injury, vestibular and neuromuscular injury. Their anthropometric characteristics were measured and then they assigned into three groups of ectomorph (n=46), mesomorph (n=45) and endomorph (n=49) based on the heath-carter method. The Y Balance Test (YBT) was used for assessment of dynamic balance, and for semi-dynamic and static balance measurement, the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) was used. Descriptive statistics was used to describe Mean±SD of age, height, weight, number of errors under BESS, and the reach distance in three directions under YBT. To determine the relationship of somatotype with static, semi-dynamic and dynamic balance, Chi-square test was performed considering a significance level of P≤0.05.  Results Mesomorphic women had better static and semi-dynamic balance compared to the ectomorph and endomorph groups. In anterior direction under YBT, ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph groups had the highest reach. In posteromedial direction, although endomorphs had the poorest performance, the result was not significant. In posterolateral direction, endomorphs had also the poorest performance. Conclusion Better performance of mesomorphs indicated their better muscle strength and structure which are useful for joint stability and postural control. Moreover, the better postural control of ectomorphs compared to endomorphs shows that the mass distribution of more than the height of the center of gravity until the base of support which is one of the main determinants of stability, is probably the factor that differentiated their postural control.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 4 2019 3 1 Comparing the Balance of Male Athletes Aged 11-14 Years With and Without Genu Varum 54 65 FA Reza Hosseini Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of guilan, Rasht, Iran. Ali Asghar Norasteh Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of guilan, Rasht, Iran. Nezam Nemati Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective Maintaining balance is one of the most important functions of neuromuscular system in performing all simple and complex¬ sports activities. Musculoskeletal deformities especially, genu varum in the lower extremity, can negatively affect the body’s biomechanics. The aim of this study was to the compare the balance of male athletes aged 11-14 years with and without genu varum.  Methods This study has a causal-comparative design. From a total of 580 amateur adolescent male athletes in basketball, handball and volleyball living in Marivan County, who had training three sessions per week, 21 with genu varum (Mean±SD of age=13.15±1.22 years; Mean±SD of height=1.68±2.32 cm; Mean±SD of weight=51.23±4.48 kg) and 21 with no genu varum (Mean±SD of age=12.95±1.17 years; Mean±SD of height=1.67±1.45 cm; Mean±SD of weight=49.49±3.48 kg) were recruited. Their genu varum deformity was assessed using a caliper. Static and dynamic balance was evaluated by Bass Stick test and Y Balance test, respectively. Data analysis was performed using independent samples t-test. Results There was no significant difference in static balance between those with and without genu varum (P=0.61), while their dynamic balance was significantly different in posteromedial (P=0.003) and posterolateral (P=0.004) directions.  Conclusion Negative effect of knee deformity on balance are turned out over time. Preventive measures and appropriate exercises at an early age may reduce the negative effects of deformities on balance.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 4 4 2019 3 1 Study of Shooting Accuracy and Fatigue of Leg Muscles After Eight Weeks of Resistance Training in Shooters Men With a Inflatable Pistol 66 77 FA Alireza Ramezani Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Morad Hosseini Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the shooting accuracy and leg muscles fatigue of male shooters using air pistol after 8 weeks of resistance training. Methods The study population consisted of all elite male shooters from Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province of Iran. Of these, 20 subjects were selected as study samples and underwent shooting with two different postural forms (prolonged and intermittent standing) before and after resistance training. The resistance training protocol included 5 different movements performed slowly in the morning. Movements started in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-min rest interval in the first session and ended with 5 sets of 14 repetitions with 1-min interval in the last session. It lasted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. For data analysis, repeated mesures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Perason correlation test were used and performed in SPSS V. 20 software. Results After eight weeks of resistance training, the posttest shooting accuracy and muscle fatigue were significantly different compared to the pre-test scores in different postural forms (P=0.05). There was a high correlation between changes in muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy in both prolonged and intermittent standing positions (P=0.05).  Conclusion Eight weeks of resistance training had positive effect on muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy of shooters in two forms of standing positions.