Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 5 4 2020 3 1 Physical Fitness and Health-Related Physical Activity Programs in People With Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review 200 215 FA Saeid Bahiraei Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. Hassan Daneshmandi Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. Rahman Amiri Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran. Objective: Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disease in people with intellectual disability, with a prevalence of 1 in 800-1000 live births. Youth and adolescents with DS are a unique population in terms of health-related physical fitness factors. Methods: In this review study, to investigate the physical fitness factors and physical activity programs for youth and adolescents with DS, a search was conducted in international and national databases such as EBSCO, Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar and SID among studies conducted during 1996-2016 using following keywords in Persian and English: Physical fitness, physical activity, Down syndrome, rehabilitation, intellectual disability, muscular strength, muscular endurance, aerobic fitness, balance, agility and flexibility. Results: Initial search yielded 130 articles. After removing duplicates, 35 were remained for the review. The studies indicated lower cardiorespiratory capacity and physical fitness in people with DS than in their normal peers in strength, endurance, balance and agility as well as increased subcutaneous fat and body fat distribution. Conclusion: Adolescents and youth with DS have low cardiovascular and muscular capacity and physical fitness, overweight/obesity, and reduces health-related physical activities. Future studies should focus on strength testing and training protocols, methods for determining physical activity levels, and practical interventions to increase physical activities in DS patients.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 5 4 2020 3 1 Reliability of Functional Balance Tests and Their Correlation With Selected Anthropometric Parameters in Children Aged 7-10 Years 216 227 FA Mahboobeh Dehnavi epartment of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Heidar Sadeghi epartment of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mehdi Taghva epartment of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the reliability of functional balance tests and their correlation with selected anthropometric parameters in children aged 7-10 years. Methods: Participants were 80 students aged 7-10 (40 female and 40 male). Romberg Test and Sharpened Romberg Test were used for assessing static balance, while timed up and go test, tandem walk test, and Y-balance test were used for measuring dynamic balance. Selected anthropometric factors were body height, upper body length, lower body length, Foot length and body mass. Reliability was determined using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and Pearson correlation was used for examining the relationship between balance tests and selected anthropometric parameters at a significance level of P≥0.05. Results: Static balance tests were not reliable, but dynamic tests were reliable. No significant correlation was found between anthropometric parameters and static and dynamic tests (P>0.05); except between lower body length and Y-balance test (r=0.53, P=0.01). Conclusion: It seems that at the age of 7-10 years, static balance tests are affected because the sensory systems related to balance are developing. Therefore, static balance tests, which require weighting of each of these systems with eyes closed and open, are not good criteria for examining the balance of this age group. Hence, it is better to use dynamic balance tests, especially the Y-balance test.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 5 4 2020 3 1 The Effect of an 8-Week Yoga Training Program on Balance and Knee Proprioception After Mental Fatigue in Amateur Male Athletes 228 239 FA Mohammad Sarhad Hasan Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Manochehr Haydary Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Farzaneh Gandomi Department of Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Objective: Mental fatigue is caused by long-term cognitive activities and lead to changes in motor coordination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of yoga training on balance and knee proprioception after mental fatigue in amateur male athletes. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 36 amateur male students were voluntarily selected as study samples and randomly divided into training (n=18) and control (n=18) groups. The training group received yoga exercises for eight weeks, three sessions per week, each for one hour. Mental fatigue was induced by 45 minutes of cognitive activity (Stroop test). Before and after mental fatigue and intervention, their dynamic balance was measured by Y-balance test and the semi-dynamic balance by Lafayette stability platform. Data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 software using paired sample t-test at the significant level of 0.05. Results: The effects of time and group×time interaction on dynamic and semi-dynamic balances (P=0.0001), and on active and passive knee proprioception (P=0.0001) were significant after yoga training. Conclusion: There were significant improvements in balance and knee proprioception of amateur athletes after yoga training. Further studies should be conducted to introduce solutions to the occurrence of mental fatigue in these athletes.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 5 4 2020 3 1 Comparing Functional Movement Screen Scores Between Athlete and Non-Athlete Female Students 240 249 FA Maral Entezami Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Ali Shamsi Majelan Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Hasan Daneshmandi Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective: The present study aimed to compare the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores between athlete and non-athlete female students. Methods: Participants were 30 athlete female students (Mean±SD age, 23.36±3.10 years; Mean±SD height, 163.45±5.06 cm; Mean±SD weight, 57.40±6.43 kg) and 30 non-athlete female students (Mean±SD age, 25.00±2.36 years; Mean±SD height, 162.6±3.72; Mean±SD weight, 58.76±9.29 kg). They underwent FMS to assess their movement patterns. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the mean FMS scores between athletes and non-athletes. Data analysis was performed in SPSS v. 22 software at a significance level of P≥0.05. Results: The Mann–Whitney U test results showed a significant difference between the total mean FMS scores of female athletes and non-athletes (P=0.001). Considering a cut-off point of 14, Results revealed that 66% of athletes 40% of non-athletes had a FMS score <14, while 93.34% of athletes and 60% of non-athletes had a FMS score >14. Conclusion: FMS can help identify the difference in movement patterns between female athletes and non-athletes. Higher FMS scores of female athletes indicate that non-athletes have poor movement patterns which suggest that they are more likely to be injured if they engage in sports activities.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 5 4 2020 3 1 A Comparison Study on the Electrical Activity of Arm Abduction Muscles During Shoulder Abduction and Scaption Between Shooting Disciplines 250 261 FA Safoura Heshmati Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Hassan Daneshmandi Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective: Considering the positions that the shooter chooses during shooting in different disciplines, it seems that the activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles which are common muscles during movement, varies in different disciplines. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate and compare the electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles between three shooting disciplines. Methods: 24 shooters (8 archers, 8 air pistol shooters, and 8 air rifle shooters) participated in the study. They performed shoulder abduction and scaption at 60 and 90 degrees. The electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles was then recorded using surface electromyography. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA and Tukey’s test at the significance level of P<0.05.  Results: The activity of anterior deltoid muscle at 60 and 90 degrees of abduction and the activity of middle deltoid and supraspinatus muscles only at 90 degree of abduction was significantly higher in the archery group than in the air pistol group (P<0.05).  Conclusion: The higher electrical activity of deltoid and supraspinatus muscles in archery sport may be related to the tensile force of the bow and the greater arm angle at the shoulder joint during this type of shooting compared to air pistol and air rifle shooting.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 5 4 2020 3 1 Comparing Gait Variability Between Deaf and Normal-Hearing Children After Proprioception Training 262 271 FA Fatemeh Yaghoubi Hamraz Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Humanities, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran. Mahdi Majlesi Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Humanities, Hamadan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran. Objective: Gait variability is an important feature in clinical treatment of people with walking problems. Since the gait variability has not been yet evaluated among deaf people, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the gait variability in deaf children and compare it with normal-hearing peers.  Methods: The study population consists of deaf and normal-hearing children living in Hamedan, Iran. Of these, 10 deaf (aged 8-14 years) and 10 with normal hearing matched for age and anthropometric characteristics volunteered to participate in the study. The 3D Vicon motion analysis system was used to measure the kinematic gait parameters in subjects. Paired sample t-test was used for within-group comparison and independent sample t-test for between-group comparison. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software by considering a significance level of P<0.05.  Results: The gait variability after proprioception training decreased in deaf children, but this change was not statistically significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups before and after the training (P>0.05).  Conclusion: It is suggested that balance exercise with an emphasis on proprioception training be included in the physical education program of deaf children.