Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 6 4 2021 3 1 The Effect of a Course of Up-cholugi and Yup-chagi Exercises on the Kinematic Indices of the Knee and the Incidence of Bow-leggedness (Genu Varum) in Professional Taekwondo Practitioners 214 225 FA Taher Kashefi Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Abdolrasoul Daneshjoo Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Seyed Kazem Mousavi Sadati Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective: Knee brace is one of the lower limb abnormalities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of knee kinematical parameters on the development of knee Genu Varum. Methods: This study’s statistical sample was 32 taekwondo practitioners with red and black belts of sports clubs in the northeast of Tehran, determined using G-Power software and in two groups of 16 people in terms of gender, age, and membership in the field. The 8-week training intervention, which included 3session of 1-hour training sessions emphasizing performing the techniques of up-chulogi and yup-chaggy, was performed for the experimental group. The control group did not have any specific activity during this period. Knee kinematic indices include naval drop size tests, tibial torsion, Q angle, androgen enterogen, internal and external hip rotation, and knee hyperextension in the two groups of healthy and injured in pre and posttest was evaluated. The data were statistically analyzed using descriptive analysis using t-test and SPSS V. 23 software.  Results: According to the study results, a significant positive relationship was observed between the variables of the selected technique of up-chology and the technique of up-chugi on the incidence of knee Genu Varum. Also, there was a significant difference between the indices of naval drop (P=0.003), torsion (P=0.006), Q angle (P=0.005) and knee hyperextension (P=0.001) in pre-test to post-test results.  Conclusion: The selected exercises have increased the distance between the knees and functional disorders. Because the braced knee may play a role in influencing athletes’ negative performance and injury in training and competition, it is necessary to consider it in studies related to the prevention of potential injuries.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 6 4 2021 3 1 Comparison of Motor Skills and Postures of Elite Male Teenage Volleyball and Basketball Players 226 239 FA Ali Fatahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Behshad Panjehzadeh Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Zahrah Koreli Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Haniyeh Zehtab Asghari Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective: To achieve the excellent levels of athletic performance, professional athletes need to do continuous exercises and strengthen special muscles of the body and have to spend a lot of time training in that sport. As a result, depending on the prevailing condition of each sport, the physical orientation and the degree of abnormalities of the athletes in that sport are affected. Methods: The current study is descriptive and cross-sectional. The statistical population was 12-14 years old boys in middle and high school. The statistical sample of this study included 30 people (13 volleyball players and 17 basketball players) with a targeted training rate of at least three sessions per week. The Chippaux Smirak Index (CSI) method was used to evaluate the arch of the foot and to determine the angles and degrees of kyphosis and lordosis in radiographs. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the variables of motor skills and posture by SPSS V. 18 at a significant level of 0.05. Results: The results of independent t-test to compare the variables of motor skills in the two groups of volleyball and basketball show that there is a significant difference between the two groups in the Sargent test and 4mX9m (P=0.000) (P≥0.05). The results were different in strength test (P=0.41) and Sit-up (P=0.75) so that there was no significant difference between the two groups (P≥0.05). The results of Mann-Whitney test to compare posture-related variables showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the parameters of varus, valgus, pronation, supination, lordosis, kyphosis, foot flat (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that volleyball players have more impressive and explosive power than basketball players, but in terms of muscle strength and endurance, there is not much difference between these two groups, which is probably due to the nature and specific characteristics of their sports. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay more attention to athletes’ training programs to improve their motor skills and physical condition. In this study, the behavior and common habits of the subjects in interaction with the environment and hereditary characteristics have not been studied, so more research is needed in the etiology of musculoskeletal abnormalities.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 6 4 2021 3 1 Comparison of Postural Control Between Different Age Groups of Girls With Intellectual Disability 240 249 FA Zahra Habibi Masouleh Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Ali Shamsi Majalani Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Parisa Sedaghati Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective: The control ability different positions of body in space was due to interaction between neural, sensory, and muscle-skeletal systems, which is generally defined as postural control. Limitations in mobility: The prevalence of balance and gait problems is also high in persons with intellectual disabilities. Thus, the present research aimed to examine the effect of visual, proprioception, and vestibular systems manipulation on postural control in three groups of girls with Intellectual Disability. Methods: The method of the present study is comparative-causative. The statistical population of this study was all girls with oral disabilities in special schools in Rasht. Sixty girls with Intellectual Disability were assessed in groups of 7-9, 10-12, and 18-16 years old (N=20). Postural control was evaluated in four conditions: open and closed eyes and on hard and soft surfaces. Collected data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test via SPSS software, V. 21 (P<0.05). Results: The research findings indicated that there were significant differences in postural control in all of the three groups. Based on the results in conditions 1, 2, and 3, there are significant differences between groups 1 and 3 and 2 and 3. Conclusion: These results support recent findings suggesting that Sensory systems for children with Intellectual Disabilities up to the age of 16-18 are still growing and maturing in terms of organizing and integrating with other systems in postural control. In each of the three age groups, the central nervous system, based on the proprioception information, provided better postural control.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 6 4 2021 3 1 Investigating the Asymmetric Bimanual Coordination Differences in Male and Female Athletes in Ball and Non-ball Sports 250 263 FA Yaser Khanjari Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Elahe Arabameri Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Objective: Bilateral coordination skills are one of the key factors in performing simple to skillful sports task, so far the differences between ball and non-ball fields have not been determined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences in asymmetric bilateral coordination between male and female athletes in ballplayers and non-ballplayers. Methods: The samples of this study were randomly selected from the young girls and boys (Mean±SD of age 26.00±4.50) in ball fields (14) and non-ball fields (16) of the Faculty of Physical Education of the University of Tehran. All subjects had complete visual acuity and the consent form of the research. The instrument of Vienna was used to measure peripheral visual. Results: The statistical results of MANOVA test showed that there is significant difference in asymmetrical bilateral coordination between ballplayers and non-ballplayers and girls and boys (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that asymmetric bilateral coordination performing in ball players had better than non-ball players and girls than boys. According the importance of bimanual coordination skills in the implementation of championship sports, as well as considering gender differences and the positive impact of ball exercises on ball coordination, sports coaches can provide training, especially at a younger age, to facilitate learning of this fundamental skill.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 6 4 2021 3 1 The Relationship Between Functional Movement Screening With Fitness Factors in Female Athlete Students 264 275 FA Maral Entezami Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Hasan Daneshmandi Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Ali Shamsi Majelan Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective: The study examines the relationship between Functional Movement Screening (FMS) tests with fitness factors in female athlete students. Methods: The study population includes 30 female athlete students (Mean±SD of age: 23.36±3.10; height: 163.45±5.06; and 57.40±6.43). FMS test was used for measuring movement patterns. Sargent test was used to measure lower limb power, Y-test was used to measure dynamic balance, Stork test was used to measure static balance, and flexor/extensor muscle endurance tests were also used to measure trunk muscle endurance. In addition, Pearson correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between scores of functional motion screening and fitness factors. Multivariate regression was used to solve the linear regression equation. The data analyzed in SPSS software, V. 22 at significance level of P≥0.05. Results: Our results showed no significant relationship between FMS test with fitness factors (P>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between total score of FMS test with fitness factors. It seems that FMS addresses the quality of basic motor activities while fitness factors determine sport skills; thus, FMS scores can’t explain fitness factors.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 6 4 2021 3 1 Comparing the Pattern of Lower Limb Joints Coordination in an Optional and Selective Sprint Start of Elite Women Runners 276 289 FA Zahra Bahadori Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Moein Koohestani Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Heydar Sadeghi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Institute of Motor Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Objective: The sprint start is a complex skill characterized by a multi-joint and multi-plane task requiring complex muscle coordination to reach a large force exerted in the horizontal direction in a short time. Previous studies indicated that efficient acceleration over the first portion of a race is influenced by how a sprinter is positioned in the set command blocks. Methods: A total of 15 elite women runners participated in this study. The subjects performed three optional, and five selected sprint starts with 2-minute intervals. The Noraxon-MyoMotion device collected the kinematic data, and a continuous relative phase method was used to calculate the joint coordination pattern. Results: The pattern of coordination between the lower limb joints were divided into 10 phases. There were differences between the two types of starters in the initial phases, but no difference was noticed from the fourth phase. Conclusion: Indeed, there was irregularity in the early phases of the selected start type, while in the following phases, the coordination pattern coincided, and it seems that if this process does not affect the speed and acceleration of the athlete, it can be cautiously noted that sitting in any way in the start technique will ultimately create common coordination in the joints.