Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 7 2 2021 8 1 Exercise-associated Muscle Cramps in Runners: A Review 78 93 FA Ali Fattahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mahboobeh Dehnavi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Leila Hamzeh Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective: Exercise-associated Muscle Cramp (EAMC) is an intense, painful, and involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles during a physical activity. Runners are more prone to this syndrome than other athletes. The present paper aims to review of the literature on EAMC in runners to determine the reasons and nature of EAMC in this sports field. Methods: A search was conducted for related studies from 1997 to 2021 in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS, LILACS, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, PEDro, Google Scholar as well as MagIran, IranDoc, IranMedex, MedLib using MeSH Keywords. The reference section of the studies were also checked to find more studies. Finally, 15 eligible papers on EAMC in runners were reviewed and findings were reported. Results: Several factors were found to be effective in EAMC among runners, including dehydration, electrolyte deficit, cold, long training or competition period, increased body temperature during training or competition, history of injury or muscle cramp, increased training intensity in short time, and dietary restrictions. Conclusion: The cause of EAMC in runners seems to be multifactorial. 

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 7 2 2021 8 1 Comparison of Plantar Force, Pressure and Impulse During Walking in Men and Women With Flat Feet 94 107 FA Negin Soltani Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Ali Jalalvand Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Mohammad Reza Jahani Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Objective: This study aims to compare the variables of plantar force, pressure and impulse during walking in men and women with flat feet. Methods: The study population consists of non-athlete students with and without flat feet. Of these, 48 (male and female) were selected as study samples. The peak pressure, force and impulse on the foot were measured during walking by a foot scanner at a sampling frequency of 253 Hz. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to examine the normality of data distribution, and data analysis was performed using MANOVA in SPSS software, considering the significance level at P<0.05. Results: Men with flat feet had more peak plantar pressure and force in the midfoot than healthy men, and more peak plantar pressure on the hallux. Women with flat feet had more peak plantar pressure and force on the hallux, toes T2-T3-T4-T5, M2 metatarsal head, and midfoot than healthy women. Men with flat feet had peak plantar pressure on the M4 metatarsal head than women with flat feet. Men with flat feet had different plantar impulses in the hallux, M2 metatarsal head, and lateral heal. Women with flat feet had more plantar impulses in the hallux, toes T2-T3-T4-T5, and midfoot than healthy women. There was a significant difference between men and women with flat feet in plantar impulses in metatarsal heads M3 and M4, midfoot, and lateral and medial heels Conclusion: Different effects of gender and sole structure on the distribution of plantar pressure should be considered in the production and design of shoes, medical insoles and special sports footwear.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 7 2 2021 8 1 Comparison of the Effect of Eight Week Training Program Schedule With Two Different Stretching Patterns Strengthening on Changes in the Status of Lower Cross Syndrome 108 121 FA Chiman Alyarnezhad Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Ali Shams Majalan Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. Objective: Different timing of performing stretching and strengthening exercises can have different effects on the condition of Lower Crossed Syndrome (LCS). This study aims to compare the effects of eight-week training using stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently and simultaneously on the status of LCS in female college students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, the study population consists of 300 female students of Guilan University aged 19-25 years. To assess LCS, the New York Posture Rating tool was used. 120 patients who had hyperlordosis were re-evaluated using flexible ruler for precise measurement of LCS. Finally, 45 students with a lumbar curvature angle of >45 degrees were selected and randomly divided into three groups of intermittent training (n=15), simultaneous training (n=15), and control (n=15). The training program consisted of corrective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each for 60 minutes. One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis in SPSS v. 20 software Results: The difference between the intermittent training and control groups was significant (P=0.30), while no significant difference was observed between the simultaneous training and control groups (P=0.68). Conclusion: Performing stretching and strengthening exercises intermittently has a greater effect on reducing LCS than performing these exercises simultaneously.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 7 2 2021 8 1 Effect of 12 Weeks of Core Stability Exercises on Functional Movement and Balance of Women Working in Hospitals 122 135 FA Maryam Golmoradi Marani Department of Corrective Exercise and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Khalegi Department of Biomechanic and Sport Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Aezam Ahmadi Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Seyyedeh Fatemeh Alavi Educational Assistant Center for Research on Occupational Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of 12 weeks of core stability exercises on functional movement and balance of women working in hospitals. Methods: Participants were 34 women aged 30-50 years working in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly divided into two groups of exercise and control. The exercise group performed core stability exercises for 12 weeks. The functional movement was evaluated using the valid Function Movement Screen (FMS) method. The dynamic balance, power, agility, speed and flexibility of subjects were also measured using Y balance test, Sargent Jump Test, agility T-test, 20-meter running test, and seated bending forward test, respectively before and after exercise. Paired T-test was used to examine the difference between pre- and post-test scores of each group. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the effect of intervention on the study variables. Results: Results of ANCOVA showed that 12 weeks of core stability exercises significantly improved functional movement performance, dynamic balance, power, agility, speed and flexibility in women. Conclusion: Core stability exercises can improve the performance of neuromuscular system leading to proper movement of spinal, pelvic and hip joints, proper muscle balance, enhanced proximal stability, functional strength and resulting in decreased injury.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 7 2 2021 8 1 Effect of a Combined Strengthening and Proprioceptive Training Program on Balance and Gait of Female Children With Intellectual Disability 136 147 FA Mohammad Javad Azimizadeh Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Seyyed Hosein Hoseini Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Ali Asghar Norasteh Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of combined strengthening and proprioceptive exercises on balance and gait of female children with intellectual disability Methods: Participants were 24 elementary school girls aged 9-13 years in Mashhad, Iran who were selected using a convenience sampling method and divided to two groups of exercise and control. The exercise group performed selective exercises for 8 weeks, while the control group performed their daily activities. In the pre-test stage, the static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb strength, and gait were measured. After eight weeks, all variables were measured again. Results: Eight weeks of strengthening and proprioceptive exercises had a significant effect on improvement of static balance, dynamic balance, lower limb strength, and gait of girls with intellectual disability (P=0.001). Conclusion: Eight weeks of strengthening and proprioceptive exercises can be used to improve the physical fitness factors of girls with intellectual disability. 

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 7 2 2021 8 1 Effect of Six Weeks of Progressive Jump-Landing Training on Jump Shooting Accuracy and Knee Valgus Angle in Male Basketball Players with Dynamic Knee Valgus 148 163 FA Saeed Ghobadi Nezha Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Seyyed Hosein Hoseini Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Ali Asghar Norasteh Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran. Objective: Dynamic Knee Valgus (DKV) causes many acute and chronic knee injuries during deceleration and landing in sports activities and can affect the athletes’ specific skills. This study aims to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of progressive jump-landing training on jump shooting accuracy and knee valgus angle in male basketball players with DKV. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study conducted on 24 male basketball players with DKV in Mazandaran, who were selected purposefully. They were randomly divided into training and control groups. Their jump shooting accuracy was assessed by Boddington’s Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test, and their DKV angle was measured by a two-dimensional evaluation method in Quinoa software. In addition to their routine exercises, the training group performed the jump-landing training for 6 weeks at 3 sessions per week, while the control group performed their usual exercises only. In order to compare the two study groups, ANCOVA was used. Results: The progressive jump-landing program had a significant effect on jump shooting accuracy (P=0.001) and DKV angle (P=0.001). Conclusion: Six weeks of progressive jump-landing training can improve the jump shooting accuracy and knee valgus angle in basketball players with DKV. Therefore, jump landing exercises are recommended for improving the jump shooting skill and knee alignment in these athletes.