Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 8 2 2022 9 1 Karate Pathology: A systematic Review 90 112 FA Ali Fatahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Nazfar Nikjoo Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the scientific framework of studies related to karate injuries and to provide a comprehensive review of the previous studies. Methods The search for articles was performed in specialized databases and articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punches, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate. Conclusion The study showed that most injuries in karate occur in the head and neck. Most of these injuries are contusions and bruises. It was also found that most of the reported injuries occurred during practice, but these injuries are generally mild. The study also showed that the full-contact of kicks and punchs, opponent’s technical foul and long training are the most important causes of injuries in karate.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 8 2 2022 9 1 The Effects of Increasing Running Speed on Three-Dimensional Peak Angle of the Lower Limb Joints in Stance Phase 114 127 FA Maryam Zareh Mojtahedi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ali Fatahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Razieh Yousefian Molla Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Karaj, Iran Objective Attention can be paid to the biomechanical characteristics of running since the speed of running varies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of increasing running speed on the three-dimensional kinematics of the lower limb joints in the stance phase. Methods The research was quasi-experimental. 27 volunteer subjects ran on a treadmill and the kinematic and kinetics data were collected through a three-dimensional system at three speed levels (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5) m/s. kinematics and kinetics data were recorded by 12 cameras (120 Hz) and force platform (150 Hz), respectively.   The stance phase was derived according to the ground reaction Force value of the force platform. Hip, knee and ankle kinematics including peak of the absolute angles in three dimensions and three speeds were calculated for further analysis. Repeated measurement with Bonferroni post Hoc tests were employed to investigate the differences between the variables in three dimensions using SPSS software (P <0.05). Results The results showed that during increasing speed, significant differences were observed in frontal (2.5 & 3.5, 2.5 & 4.5 m/s) and sagittal (2.5 & 3.5. 2.5 & 4.5, 3.5 & 4.5 m/s) planes in hip as well as only in transverse (2.5 &4.5, 3.5 & 4.5 m/s) plane for knee. No significant differences were obvious in peak of ankle joints during increasing speed in all three planes. Conclusion The results of the present study showed that hip and knee joints are more susceptible to changes of kinematics behavior during running progressively. Ankle joint seems to be more stable during the progressive running situation. Coaches and athletes may also enhance their performance using the results of the present study.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 8 2 2022 9 1 Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Tests Used for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Narrative Review 128 140 FA Farahnaz Emami Physical Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran saba abrishamkar Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Amin Kordi Yoosefinejad Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical tests used to assess the injuries of anterior cruciate ligament. Methods Electronic data bases including Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using related keywords with the aim of finding the articles that clinically evaluated the injuries of anterior cruciate ligament. The quality of the articles was evaluated by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) scale. Results Ten articles were selected for final analysis. Regarding patient selection domain in risk of bias phase, an equal proportion was seen among low, unclear, and high risk. Regarding index test in risk of bias phase, 80% of the articles had low risk. Considering reference standard in risk of bias phase, 70% of the articles presented a low risk. Considering flow and timing domain in risk of bias phase, 40 % of articles showed either unclear or high risk. Also, for patient selection domain in applicability concerns, half of the articles had a low risk. Regarding index test in applicability concern phase, 80% of articles presented a low risk. Considering reference standard domain of articles in applicability concern phase, 40% had either unclear or low risk. Conclusion Despite the routine use of clinical tests for evaluating injuries of anterior cruciate ligament, due to factors such as different clinical experience and knowledge of the examiners, different time from ligament rupture, and different position of the patient during examination, there is still no consensus on using a test for diagnosis.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 8 2 2022 9 1 Investigating the Effect of Eight Weeks of Corrective Exercises and Ergonomic Recommendations on the Frequency of Recurrence of Back Pain Caused by Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Staff of Ardabil Sports and Youth Department 142 153 FA Aydin Ali khiavi Department of Sport Management and Biomechanics, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Mohsen Barghamadi Department of Sport Management and Biomechanics, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Mehrdad Moharramzadeh Department of Sport Management and Biomechanics, Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Objective: Many annoying musculoskeletal pains and disorders are caused by the wrong habit and ‎ergonomics of the equipment in the workplace. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to ‎investigate the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises, ergonomic recommendations on ‎the frequency of recurrent back pain due to musculoskeletal disorders in the staff of Ardabil ‎Youth and Sports Department‎. Methods: The present study is applied and quasi-experimental. The statistical sample included 60 ‎employees of the Sports and Youth Department of Ardabil province who participated in this ‎study voluntarily. They were randomly divided into three equal groups of corrective exercises, ‎ergonomic recommendations and control. The Nordic questionnaire was used to collect the ‎frequency of musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar region and the frequency of recurrence of ‎pain as a pre-test and post-test. Will Coxon test was used to compare data between groups using ‎SPSS software version 26. Also, a significant level (p≤0.05) was considered for all tests. Excel ‎‎2010 software was used to draw the chart‎. Results: The findings of the present study showed that there is a statistically significant difference ‎between the group of corrective exercises and ergonomic recommendations and the frequency ‎of recurrence of pain due to musculoskeletal disorders (P = 0.022). There was also a significant ‎difference between the correctional exercise group and the control group in the frequency of ‎recurrence of pain due to musculoskeletal disorders‏ ‏‎(P = 0.001)‎. Conclusion: Providing corrective exercises significantly reduced the frequency of recurrence of pain due to musculoskeletal disorders in the lumbar region. Therefore, corrective exercises can be provided as useful and effective advice to reduce and eliminate the frequency of pain, especially to employees.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 8 2 2022 9 1 The Effect of Increasing Running Speed on Kinetic Ratio of Lower Limbs in Closed Kinetic Chain 154 167 FA Negin Soltani Department of Sports Biomechanics, Centeral Tehran Branch, Islamc Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ‎ Razieh Yousefian Molla Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, ‎Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Karaj, Iran. ‎ Ali Fatahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Centeral Tehran Branch, Islamc Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ‎ Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of increasing running speed on motor ‎chain and kinetic ratio of lower limb joints‎. Methods: The statistical population of this study consisted of healthy people and ordinary runners. A ‎group of 28 healthy male subjects, including runners who ran more than 20 km per week, ‎were selected via convenience sampling method as research sample. They were also fully ‎acquainted with running on a treadmill. Three-dimensional kinetics parameters of the lower ‎limb joints, hip, knee, and ankle, torque and the kinetic ratio of the minimum, maximum and mean values of these ‎joints at three different speeds 2/5,3/5 and 4/5 was measured by two important instruments, ‎the camera and the force plate. Shapiro-wilks test was used to check the normality of data ‎distribution and data analysis was performed using analysis of variance with repeated ‎measurements or repeated measure through SPSS software, version 22‎. Results: Based on the results obtained in this study, the torque ratio of hip to knee and thigh to ankle ‎joints was not significant in any of the anatomical plates and axes at three speeds (p≥0.05). ‎Also, the ratio of torque of knee joints to ankle in three speeds and three planes did not ‎show a significant difference ( p≥0.05)‎. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this study, it seems that with the knowledge of the ‎moment changes of the lower limb joints, practical solutions can be provided to reduce the ‎amount of damage when running, especially on a treadmill, to these 3 joints. ‎

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 8 2 2022 9 1 Comparison of the Effect and Sustainability of 8 Weeks of Corrective Exercises Based on the ‎NASM Approach and the Sahrman Approach on Forward Head Posture and Neck Pain in Mobile ‎Phone Users in Young Men of Tabriz 168 184 FA Shahriar Bakshian Department of Sports Pathology and Corrective Movements, Nonprofit Shams Institute of Science and Technology, Tabriz, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi Department of Motor Behavior, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran. Objective: Impaired posture control, breathing problems, headaches of neck origin, increased pressure on ‎blood vessels, decreased vertebral blood flow to the brain and brain stem, and decreased ‎breathing capacity are some of the side effects of head forward malformation. Therefore, the ‎purpose of this study is to compare the effect and durability of 8 weeks of corrective exercises ‎based on the NASM approach and the Sahrman approach on forward head posture and neck pain ‎in mobile phone users in young men of Tabriz city‎. Methods: The present semi-experimental research is an intervention research; And the research design is ‎pre-test and post-test with control group. 36 people in the age range of 20 to 35 years were ‎selected in a targeted non-random way with a forward head angle above 46 degrees. The ‎craniovertebral angle or CVA was used to measure the forward head angle. To quantify the ‎intensity of pain in people with neck pain, the Visual Analysis Scale was used. Two-way ‎analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests were performed at a significance level of ‎p≥0.05‎. Results: The results of the research showed that both training programs had a positive effect on forward ‎head posture and neck pain of these people (p=0.001). Also, the results of the research showed ‎that after 3 months of the follow-up period, the effectiveness of the exercises was still ‎significant (p=0.001).‎ Conclusion: The results of the research showed that both training programs had a significant and long-‎lasting effect on forward head posture and neck pain. Therefore, the use of each of these ‎exercises is recommended to improve forward head posture and neck pain in people with ‎forward head posture abnormalities‎.