Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 10 1 2024 5 1 The Effect of 8 Weeks of Corrective Exercises Using the NASM Approach on Movement Disorders, Lumbar Lordosis, and Genu Valgum in Girls Aged 12-15 2 16 FA Arefeh Samadi Faculty of Humanities, University College of Omran_Toseeh, Hamedan, Iran. Behrouz Hajilou The Organization for Educational Research and Planning, Tehran, Iran. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of corrective exercises with the NASM approach on movement disorders, lumbar lordosis, and genu valgum in 12–15-year-old girls. Methods Forty-five teenage girls were divided into three groups, including a movement disorder group (N=15), a lumbar lordosis group (N=15), and a genu valgum group (N=15). The corrective exercises program with the NASM approach included 24 sessions over 8 weeks with a frequency of 3 sessions per week. A flexible ruler, caliper, goniometer, and the scoring form of the NASM approach were used to measure variables. Dependent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of p<0.05. Results The results showed that performing 8 weeks of corrective exercises with the NASM approach reduced movement disorders from the anterior view, including flattening of the right foot (p = 0.02), inward movement of the right (p = 0.01) and left (p = 0.03) knees, and from the lateral view, it included low back arches (p = 0.01). Additionally, from the posterior view, flattening of the feet (p = 0.01) and asymmetrical weight shifting to the right (p = 0.01) and left (p = 0.02) showed significant improvement. Furthermore, these exercises had a significant effect on the lumbar lordosis angle (p = 0.011) and Q angle (p = 0.032), but did not produce a substantial effect on the medial malleolus distance (p = 0.086). Conclusion According to the results of the present research, it is suggested to use a corrective exercise program with the NASM approach to prevent and reduce movement disorders, and correct genu valgum and lumbar lordosis.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 10 1 2024 5 1 The Effect of Various Exercise Protocols on the Improvement of Upper Cruciate Syndrome: A Systematic Review 18 34 FA Mohsen Barghamadi Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Sajjad Ghadimi KheshtMasjedi Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Ebrahim Piri Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. Objective Research conducted in recent decades indicates that rehabilitation exercises have a significant impact on improving complications associated with the upper limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the effect of various exercise protocols on the improvement of upper crossed syndrome. Methods This study was a systematic review, involving a search for articles in both Farsi and English from December 2011 to April 2023. The search was conducted across specialized databases including PubMed, WOS, Scopus, SID, Magiran, ISC, Science Direct, JCR, and Google Scholar. Ultimately, 10 articles focusing on different exercise protocols for individuals with upper crossed syndrome were identified and examined. Results Six articles addressed the effect of various exercise protocols on posture improvement in individuals suffering from upper crossed syndrome, indicating that these exercises contribute to achieving proper posture. Additionally, four articles investigated the impact of different exercise protocols on enhancing dynamic and static balance in individuals with upper crossed syndrome, demonstrating a significant improvement in both static and dynamic balance through the implementation of these exercise protocols. Conclusion The findings of this review study highlight the efficacy of corrective exercises in ameliorating upper crossed syndrome.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 10 1 2024 5 1 Impacts of New Communication Technologies on Skeletal Abnormalities in Children's Upper Limbs: A Review 36 52 FA Yaser Ghasemzadeh Beydokhty Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Ali Fatahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective This research aims to investigate the issues arising from prolonged usage of modern electronic technologies by reviewing relevant literature. Specifically, we examine the impact of mobile phones, tablets, and computers on postural control and skeletal abnormalities among children. Methods Articles were selected based on the research objective by conducting a thorough review of specialized biomechanics databases and considering input and output indicators. Results The investigation revealed that modern electronic technologies, particularly among children aged 6 to 11 years, can contribute to various skeletal and muscular abnormalities in the upper limbs (e.g., rounded shoulders). Body postures adopted while using these technologies (e.g., sitting, lying down), as well as the use of one-handed versus two-handed postures, significantly affect pressure distribution and muscle and skeletal health. Other notable issues include vision problems, adaptability challenges during childhood, and psychological and social implications. Conclusion The review of studies underscores the potential adverse effects of prolonged usage of modern electronic technologies, particularly among elementary school children. With the rise of virtual education in recent years, these technologies have become increasingly prevalent and may contribute to significant limb abnormalities and associated problems. Vision impairments due to prolonged screen time, as well as psychological, social, and adaptational challenges, add further pressure on children.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 10 1 2024 5 1 Assessing the Effects of Fatigue on Ground Reaction Force Variations during Landing after a Spike in Professional Volleyball Players 54 68 FA Rafe Mohammad Zaheri Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Mahdi Majlesi Department of Sport Biomechanics, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Ali Fatahi Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Objective This study examines the impact of fatigue on kinetic variables during landing after performing a spike in professional volleyball players. Fatigue can significantly affect athletic performance and increase the risk of lower limb injuries, particularly in movements that require precise landings. Methods In this study, 28 professional volleyball players performed a spike over the net and landed on a force plate before and after inducing fatigue. Kinetic variables, including ground reaction forces and loading rates, were evaluated at both stages. A paired t-test was used to examine the effect of fatigue on these variables during the landing task after the spike. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results The results showed that fatigue caused a significant reduction in the vertical ground reaction force at initial contact, the maximum posterior force, and the medio-lateral force at initial contact in the dominant leg. Fatigue did not have a significant effect on the other variables. Conclusion The results indicated that the ground reaction force in the dominant leg after inducing fatigue was significantly different from before. Given the asymmetry in ground reaction forces between the dominant and non-dominant legs, it is crucial to address this in training programs.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 10 1 2024 5 1 Comparison of the Three-Dimensional Mechanical Power of Dominant Lower Limb Joints during Walking 70 81 FA Razieh Yousefian Molla Department of Sports Biomechanics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Heydar Sadeghi Department of Sports Biomechanics and Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Objective Many studies have investigated the effect of mechanical power on the symmetry and asymmetry of the lower limbs and have discussed the differences in the values of this parameter between the two limbs. Additionally, some studies have investigated and analyzed the types of mechanical power (propulsion and control) in joint movements. However, no study has yet examined and compared the muscle mechanical power among different joints of each limb, particularly the dominant leg. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the three-dimensional mechanical power of the dominant lower limb during walking. Methods Thirty female subjects were asked to walk at their chosen speed and barefoot along the path of the motion analyzer cameras and on the force plate so that the three-dimensional mechanical power of each lower limb joint could be recorded using the obtained data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to compare the values of mechanical muscle power variables at a significance level of P≤0.05. Results Among the peaks of mechanical power of the dominant lower limb, the highest peak belonged to A2S, and the lowest belonged to K2T. Additionally, the most significant difference was observed between the average of some parameters such as H1S and other peaks, while the lowest average difference was observed between the averages of H2F and H1T and other mechanical power peaks. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the peaks of mechanical power of the hip, knee, and ankle joints of the dominant lower limb. Among these peaks, the second peak of the ankle has the highest mechanical power, while the second peak of the knee has the lowest mechanical power.

Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch Journal of Sport Biomechanics 2476-4906 10 1 2024 5 1 The Difference Between Narrative and Systematic Review Studies: A Letter to the Editor 82 87 FA Ebrahim Piri Department of Sports Biomechanics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero Department of Sports Biomechanics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. In general segmentation, review studies are divided into two groups: narrative reviews and systematic reviews. The research methods for narrative and systematic reviews are completely different. Narrative review articles can be written based on the interests of the researcher, which is one of the weaknesses of this style of review, while systematic review articles have an organized structure and are more reliable. Narrative reviews cover diverse topics such as epidemiological findings, concepts and hypotheses of certain psychiatric diseases, current understandings of specific diseases, psychopharmacology, and treatment guidelines. This reflects the fact that systematic reviews have been rapidly and increasingly replacing traditional narrative (explicit) reviews as the standard platform for providing and updating currently available research findings as confident evidence. Most journals have changed their policy regarding the acceptance of review papers, giving priority to systematic reviews as regular review articles and excluding narrative reviews to provide the best evidence for all basic and clinical questions and further hypotheses. The major advantage of systematic reviews is that they are based on the findings of comprehensive and systematic literature searches across all available resources, minimizing selection bias and avoiding subjective selection.