1.    Introduction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders (1). This disorder in childhood is characterized by clinical symptoms such as inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity (2). The cognitive and motor skills of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are at a relatively lower level than children of the same age who do not have this disorder (3). Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have problems in sensory integration, gross motor skills, and balance skills (4). The impairment in integrating sensory information from the vision, vestibular, and proprioception systems leads to a disturbance in the balance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (9). Some studies have indicated balance problems in hyperactive children compared to healthy children (1). Certain researchers have demonstrated the positive effect of physical and sports activities on improving balance (13, 14). In karate, controlling body position and maintaining balance are crucial because proper balance is essential for executing strong and fast maneuvers and defensive techniques (15, 22). Considering the balance requirements for kata performance, it seems that kata could be a suitable sport for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, although no research has been conducted in this area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a course of kata exercises on the static and dynamic balance of hyperactive children.
2.    Methods
The current study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the study included 10-12-year-old girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Hamadan city. According to the estimation of the sample size by G*Power software, a total of thirty children were selected as the sample, and after obtaining written consent from their parents, they participated in the research. The criteria for entering the research included filling out the consent form and not having any physical defects. Exclusion criteria in this study included pre-existing injuries and absence of more than three sessions in the exercise program. Initially, participants underwent the stork static balance and star dynamic balance tests as assessment measures. They were then randomly divided into two groups of 15 people each. Next, the experimental group participated in 12 weeks of supervised kata exercises, with three one-hour sessions per week led by an experienced trainer. These exercises included warm-up and stretching, specialized kata exercises, and cooling down, adapted from previous studies. Normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variances was checked using Levene’s Test. Finally, independent and dependent t-tests were conducted in SPSS23 software to test the research hypotheses.
3.    Results
The results of the research indicated that the average scores of static balances with the dominant and non-dominant leg, as well as dynamic balance, improved for participants in the experimental group in the post-test compared to the pre-test. Table 1 presents the mean and standard deviation of the static and dynamic balance scores for both experimental and control groups in the pre-test and post-test.
As shown in Table 1, the static and dynamic balance scores of the experimental group participants increased significantly in the post-test compared to the pre-test, as opposed to the changes observed in the control group. The normality of the data allowed for the use of an independent t-test to compare the changes between groups in the pre-test and post-test. Although the independent t-test results did not reveal a significant difference in the static and dynamic balance pre-test scores between the experimental and control groups, a significant difference in these scores was observed between the two groups in the post-test. Consequently, it can be concluded that kata exercises had a significant effect on improving the static and dynamic balance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

4.    Conclusion
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a kata training course on the static and dynamic balance of hyperactive children. The results demonstrated that 12 weeks of kata training significantly improved the static and dynamic balance of these children. These findings align with previous research by Rasolyar and Jalilvand (2018), Eskandarnejad et al. (2017), Saliva et al. (2020), and Chan et al. (2022), which highlighted the positive impact of physical activity and sports on the motor performance and balance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (1, 6, 9, 26).
Additionally, regular physical and sports activities can enhance muscle strength and endurance, contributing to improved balance and motor functions in hyperactive and ADHD children (24). Increased blood supply to the brain and elevated release of neurotransmitters during physical activities can heighten concentration on movements, facilitating activity in the central nervous system and cerebellum. This heightened concentration may account for the improved implementation of balance tasks observed in children after participating in the kata training course (6).
Kata, being a combination of various techniques, demands a high level of cognitive engagement. Executing explosive techniques in kata necessitates precise control of posture and balance. Moreover, kata exercises can serve as an effective stimulus for the development of the frontal cortex, further enhancing balance in hyperactive children.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
There were no ethical considerations to be addressed in this research.
Funding
This research did not receive any grants from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed equally to preparing the article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.