Volume 10, Issue 4 (1-2025)                   J Sport Biomech 2025, 10(4): 276-293 | Back to browse issues page

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Hamoongard M, Hadadnezhad M, Mohammadi Orangi B. A Narrative Review on the Effect of Variability-Based Motor Learning Approaches on Kinetic and Kinematic Factors Related to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Athletes. J Sport Biomech 2025; 10 (4) :276-293
URL: http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html
A Narrative Review on the Effect of Variability-Based Motor Learning Approaches on Kinetic and Kinematic Factors Related to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Athletes
Majid Hamoongard *1 , Malihe Hadadnezhad2 , Behzad Mohammadi Orangi3
1- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Karaj, Hesarak, Iran
2- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Karaj, Iran.
3- Sports Science Department, Faculty of Humanities, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.
Abstract:   (691 Views)
Objective The risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes can be reduced by incorporating motor learning approaches into injury prevention training programs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of variability-based motor learning approaches on kinetic and kinematic factors related to ACL injury in athletes.
Methods Searches were conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and Elsevier databases for articles published between 2010 and 2024. The keywords ("ACL" OR "anterior cruciate ligament"), ("differential learning"), ("nonlinear pedagogy"), ("variability"), and ("biomechanics" OR "kinematics" OR "kinetics") were used independently and in combination.
Results Results After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, six studies were included in the final analysis. The results indicated that variability-based training, including differential and nonlinear learning, increased trunk and hip flexion, increased knee flexion, decreased knee valgus and abduction, and increased ankle dorsiflexion. Additionally, increased hip abduction and external rotation, increased ankle dorsiflexion moment, decreased knee valgus and abduction moments, and reduced ground reaction force were observed in athletes.
Conclusion Compared to differential learning, exercises based on nonlinear pedagogy more effectively improve biomechanical factors related to ACL injury in athletes. It is recommended that coaches and trainers incorporate variability-based approaches, particularly nonlinear pedagogy, to reduce injury risk, enhance rehabilitation programs, and improve ecological validity.
Keywords: Nonlinear pedagogy, Differential learning, ACL tear, Kinematics and Kinetics, Injury risk
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Type of Study: Research | Subject: Special
Received: 2025/01/26 | Accepted: 2025/02/12 | Published: 2025/02/12
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