Volume 12, Issue 1 (6-2026)
J Sport Biomech 2026, 12(1): 108-134 |
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Darjee J P, Chhabra M, Kumar P, Mawlieh D, Ahmad N, Sahai N. A Narrative Review on Knee Pain in Relation to Distal Factors and Possibilities for Non-Pharmacological Management Including 3D Printing. J Sport Biomech 2026; 12 (1) :108-134
URL: http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-427-en.html
URL: http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-427-en.html
Jay Prashant Darjee1 
, Monica Chhabra2 , Prabhat Kumar3 , Daffylabeth Mawlieh4 , Nabeel Ahmad5 , Nitin Sahai *1
, Monica Chhabra2 , Prabhat Kumar3 , Daffylabeth Mawlieh4 , Nabeel Ahmad5 , Nitin Sahai *1
1- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India.
2- Department of Physiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh-160012, India.
3- Doctoral School of Basic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
4- Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
5- Department of Biotechnology, School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University—248007, Dehradun, India.
2- Department of Physiotherapy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh-160012, India.
3- Doctoral School of Basic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
4- Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, Assam, India.
5- Department of Biotechnology, School of Allied Sciences, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University—248007, Dehradun, India.
Abstract: (34 Views)
Objective Knee pain is prevalent across all age groups, affecting approximately 25% of adults, with reported prevalence rates ranging from 10% to 60% depending on the underlying etiology. Over the past two decades, the incidence of knee pain has increased by nearly 65%, influenced by various causative factors—proximal, local, and distal. The effectiveness of its management largely depends on identifying and addressing the underlying cause.
Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for articles published up to August 21, 2025. The keywords “Knee Pain,” “Foot Biomechanics,” “Non-Pharmacological Management,” “Physiotherapy,” “Physical Therapy,” and “3D Printing” were used individually and in combination.
Results Non-pharmacological management of knee pain is shaped by its multifactorial etiology, encompassing biomechanical, anatomical, and functional factors. Among these, lower limb biomechanics and foot morphology–based interventions have demonstrated particular relevance.
Conclusion This review emphasizes that knee pain is frequently influenced by distal factors such as foot biomechanics, limb alignment, and functional asymmetries. Addressing these factors through non-pharmacological interventions—including physiotherapy, orthotic modification, and emerging technologies such as 3D printing—offers promising directions for individualized care. Integrating biomechanical assessment with innovative rehabilitation strategies may enable clinicians to achieve more effective, patient-specific management of knee pain.
Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect for articles published up to August 21, 2025. The keywords “Knee Pain,” “Foot Biomechanics,” “Non-Pharmacological Management,” “Physiotherapy,” “Physical Therapy,” and “3D Printing” were used individually and in combination.
Results Non-pharmacological management of knee pain is shaped by its multifactorial etiology, encompassing biomechanical, anatomical, and functional factors. Among these, lower limb biomechanics and foot morphology–based interventions have demonstrated particular relevance.
Conclusion This review emphasizes that knee pain is frequently influenced by distal factors such as foot biomechanics, limb alignment, and functional asymmetries. Addressing these factors through non-pharmacological interventions—including physiotherapy, orthotic modification, and emerging technologies such as 3D printing—offers promising directions for individualized care. Integrating biomechanical assessment with innovative rehabilitation strategies may enable clinicians to achieve more effective, patient-specific management of knee pain.
Type of Study: Applicable |
Subject:
General
Received: 2025/08/20 | Accepted: 2025/11/6 | Published: 2025/11/12
Received: 2025/08/20 | Accepted: 2025/11/6 | Published: 2025/11/12
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