Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2022)
J Sport Biomech 2022, 8(3): 266-278 |
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Azadian E, Eftekhari N, Mohammad Zaheri R. The Evaluation of Changes in the Center of Pressure in Different Types of Defense on the Professional Volleyball Players. J Sport Biomech 2022; 8 (3) :266-278
URL: http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html
URL: http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html
1- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran.
2- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran.
2- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran.
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Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
Balance and posture control is one of the most basic neuromuscular functions involved in simple and complex activities (1-4). In most sports, this ability helps to control the body position during jumping and landing and can prevent injuries to a large extent (5). In sports movements, maintaining balance during jumping and landing is one of the most important issues for athletes in fields such as volleyball, basketball and football. Height control improves a person's performance in many volleyball skills such as serving, receiving, spikes and defense (6). Professional volleyball players make rapid adaptive changes in their posture according to different game situations. Rapid recovery of balance after a postural disorder or confusion is very important in success and prevention of serious injuries (4, 5). Several studies have investigated the mechanism and frequency of injuries in volleyball (16, 17). Is. The jump-landing sequence is the most common source of injury in volleyball. In fact, defense and spiking are related to more than 70% of volleyball injuries (18). In particular, landing techniques used in volleyball can potentially be related to lower limb energy absorption and injury probability (18). Stacoff et al. (1988) showed that the initial vertical force coefficient was approximately 1 to 2 times the body weight at the initial forefoot strike in volleyball players' defense skills. Also, heel contact leads to the second peak force between 1 and 7 times the body weight (20). Therefore, controlling the height during landing after defending can reduce the incidence of injury in volleyball players. Therefore, investigating the center of pressure (CoP) movements as one of the important indicators in biomechanics, during landing after defense, can provide comprehensive information about the control of posture in these athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in the CoP movements in different types of jumping and landing during volleyball defense.
2. Methods
This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that was conducted in the sports biomechanics laboratory. In this research, 10 professional volleyball players and 10 beginner volleyball players voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects were asked to perform the five tasks for defense on the volleyball net, including static jump, right and left side step, long cross step right and left. The order of execution of the tasks was random, and the execution of the defense was accepted and used for processing if each subject's foot was placed inside a force plate during landing. 6 repetitions were done for each task and two minutes’ rest was considered between each task. In this study, Vicon three-dimensional motion analysis device and two Kistler force plates were used to evaluate CoP movements. Considering the normal distribution in the data, ANOVA test was used to check the difference between the two groups in different tasks. All stages of statistical data analysis were performed using SPSS version 21 software with a significance level of P<0.05.
3. Results
Static jump in the jumping-phase, there was a significant difference in the lowest value and also the average CoP movements in the AP direction (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the ML direction (p < 0.05). On the other hand, in the jumping- phase of the right side step jump, there was a significant intergroup difference between the average and the lowest CoP movements value in the AP direction, and the highest CoP movements value in the ML direction (p < 0.05). In the jumping-phase of the left side step jump, a significant difference was observed in the lowest displacement value and average CoP in the AP direction (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the ML direction between the two groups (p < 0.05). The results of the comparison between groups in the preparation phase of jumping with the right long cross step did not show a significant difference between the two groups, but in the jump with the left long cross step, there was a difference between the two groups in the minimum value of CoP movements and their average in the jumping-phase. AP direction was significant (p>0.05). The results in the landing stage showed that there was a significant difference between the beginner and expert groups in the right side step jump in the amount of CoP displacement in the AP direction (p < 0.05), and there was also a difference in the left long cross step jump. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the highest amount of COP displacement in the AP direction (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the rest of the jumps.
4. Conclusion
In the jumping-phase for static jump, left side step jump and left long cross step jump, the amount of CoP displacement in the AP direction was significantly higher in the beginner group, this indicates the lack of balance control in the anterior direction in the beginner athletes, a factor that leads to forward movement instead of vertical movement in the beginner group. As a result, the jump height in this group decreases compared to the professional group, and also after landing, the probability of crossing the middle line increases (5). In the landing phase, the CoP movements in the group of beginner volleyball players was higher than that of the professional group in most variables, but only in the right side step jump and the left and right long cross jumps. The difference in AP direction was significant. These results indicate more forward movement during landing, which may be due to the mistake of the beginner player in the preparation stage. As a result of this movement, the probability of the foot crossing the middle line of the ground, or falling and spraining the joints in the beginner group increases. The correct execution of the landing in the defense skill requires quick control of the acceleration and torque of the joints (26).
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research.
Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Balance and posture control is one of the most basic neuromuscular functions involved in simple and complex activities (1-4). In most sports, this ability helps to control the body position during jumping and landing and can prevent injuries to a large extent (5). In sports movements, maintaining balance during jumping and landing is one of the most important issues for athletes in fields such as volleyball, basketball and football. Height control improves a person's performance in many volleyball skills such as serving, receiving, spikes and defense (6). Professional volleyball players make rapid adaptive changes in their posture according to different game situations. Rapid recovery of balance after a postural disorder or confusion is very important in success and prevention of serious injuries (4, 5). Several studies have investigated the mechanism and frequency of injuries in volleyball (16, 17). Is. The jump-landing sequence is the most common source of injury in volleyball. In fact, defense and spiking are related to more than 70% of volleyball injuries (18). In particular, landing techniques used in volleyball can potentially be related to lower limb energy absorption and injury probability (18). Stacoff et al. (1988) showed that the initial vertical force coefficient was approximately 1 to 2 times the body weight at the initial forefoot strike in volleyball players' defense skills. Also, heel contact leads to the second peak force between 1 and 7 times the body weight (20). Therefore, controlling the height during landing after defending can reduce the incidence of injury in volleyball players. Therefore, investigating the center of pressure (CoP) movements as one of the important indicators in biomechanics, during landing after defense, can provide comprehensive information about the control of posture in these athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the changes in the CoP movements in different types of jumping and landing during volleyball defense.
2. Methods
This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study that was conducted in the sports biomechanics laboratory. In this research, 10 professional volleyball players and 10 beginner volleyball players voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects were asked to perform the five tasks for defense on the volleyball net, including static jump, right and left side step, long cross step right and left. The order of execution of the tasks was random, and the execution of the defense was accepted and used for processing if each subject's foot was placed inside a force plate during landing. 6 repetitions were done for each task and two minutes’ rest was considered between each task. In this study, Vicon three-dimensional motion analysis device and two Kistler force plates were used to evaluate CoP movements. Considering the normal distribution in the data, ANOVA test was used to check the difference between the two groups in different tasks. All stages of statistical data analysis were performed using SPSS version 21 software with a significance level of P<0.05.
3. Results
Static jump in the jumping-phase, there was a significant difference in the lowest value and also the average CoP movements in the AP direction (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the ML direction (p < 0.05). On the other hand, in the jumping- phase of the right side step jump, there was a significant intergroup difference between the average and the lowest CoP movements value in the AP direction, and the highest CoP movements value in the ML direction (p < 0.05). In the jumping-phase of the left side step jump, a significant difference was observed in the lowest displacement value and average CoP in the AP direction (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the ML direction between the two groups (p < 0.05). The results of the comparison between groups in the preparation phase of jumping with the right long cross step did not show a significant difference between the two groups, but in the jump with the left long cross step, there was a difference between the two groups in the minimum value of CoP movements and their average in the jumping-phase. AP direction was significant (p>0.05). The results in the landing stage showed that there was a significant difference between the beginner and expert groups in the right side step jump in the amount of CoP displacement in the AP direction (p < 0.05), and there was also a difference in the left long cross step jump. There was a significant difference between the two groups in the highest amount of COP displacement in the AP direction (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the rest of the jumps.
4. Conclusion
In the jumping-phase for static jump, left side step jump and left long cross step jump, the amount of CoP displacement in the AP direction was significantly higher in the beginner group, this indicates the lack of balance control in the anterior direction in the beginner athletes, a factor that leads to forward movement instead of vertical movement in the beginner group. As a result, the jump height in this group decreases compared to the professional group, and also after landing, the probability of crossing the middle line increases (5). In the landing phase, the CoP movements in the group of beginner volleyball players was higher than that of the professional group in most variables, but only in the right side step jump and the left and right long cross jumps. The difference in AP direction was significant. These results indicate more forward movement during landing, which may be due to the mistake of the beginner player in the preparation stage. As a result of this movement, the probability of the foot crossing the middle line of the ground, or falling and spraining the joints in the beginner group increases. The correct execution of the landing in the defense skill requires quick control of the acceleration and torque of the joints (26).
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research.
Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed to preparing article.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
General
Received: 2022/10/1 | Accepted: 2022/12/11 | Published: 2022/12/21
Received: 2022/10/1 | Accepted: 2022/12/11 | Published: 2022/12/21
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