Volume 12, Issue 3 (11-2026)                   J Sport Biomech 2026, 12(3): 642-660 | Back to browse issues page

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Barghamadi M, Jabbar Ali M. The Effect of American Academy of Sports Medicine Exercises on Ground Reaction Forces During Walking in Individuals with Hamstring Tightness and Low Back Pain. J Sport Biomech 2026; 12 (3) :642-660
URL: http://biomechanics.iauh.ac.ir/article-1-555-en.html
The Effect of American Academy of Sports Medicine Exercises on Ground Reaction Forces During Walking in Individuals with Hamstring Tightness and Low Back Pain
Mohsen Barghamadi *1 , Makwan Jabbar Ali1
1- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Abstract:   (18 Views)
Objective Walking is a fundamental daily activity that depends on coordinated neuromuscular and musculoskeletal function. Hamstring tightness and low back pain may alter gait biomechanics and ground reaction force patterns. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a NASM-based corrective exercise program on ground reaction forces during walking in individuals with hamstring tightness and low back pain.
Methods This quasi-experimental study included 30 men aged 20–30 years assigned to experimental (n=15; hamstring tightness and low back pain) and control (n=15; healthy) groups. The experimental group performed an 8-week NASM corrective exercise program, while the control group maintained usual activities. Ground reaction forces were recorded during walking at 2.3 m/s using a Bertec force plate. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated-measures ANOVA in SPSS version 26 at a significance level of 0.05.
Results Significant time effects were observed for peak mediolateral ground reaction forces at heel strike (p = 0.024; d = 0.201) and push-off (p = 0.001; d = 0.633). A significant time × group interaction was found for peak anterior–posterior ground reaction force at heel strike (p = 0.001; d = 0.399). Additionally, a significant time × group interaction was observed for peak vertical ground reaction force during push-off (p = 0.010; d = 0.254). The time × group interaction was also significant for the time to peak anterior–posterior ground reaction force at heel strike (p = 0.006; d = 0.276).
Conclusion The findings suggest that a NASM-based corrective exercise program may influence specific ground reaction force characteristics during walking in individuals with hamstring tightness and low back pain. These changes may reflect improvements in neuromuscular control and gait mechanics; however, further studies with larger samples are required to confirm these effects.
Keywords: Walking, Ground reaction force, Hamstring tightness, Low back pain, Corrective exercise, Gait biomechanics
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Type of Study: Research | Subject: General
Received: 2026/08/2 | Accepted: 2026/08/24 | Published: 2026/08/25
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